UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT  LOS  ANGELES 


UNITED  STATES  TARIFF  COMMISSION 
WASHINGTON 


REPORT  ON  THE 

EMERGENCY  TARIFF  ACT  OF 

MAY  27,  1921 


REVISED  EDITION 


4    9   (3  ,^        4 


WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1922 


UNITED  STATES  TARIFF  COMMISSION 
WASHINGTON 


REPORT  ON  THE 

EMERGENCY  TARIFF  ACT  OF 

MAY  27,  1921 


REVISED  EDITION 


WASHINGTON 

(iOVERNMKNT  PRINTING  OFFICH 

1922 


UNITED  STATES  TARIFF  COMMISSION. 

Ufflor:  Old  Land  Office,  Eighth  and  K  Streets  \\V.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
COM.MI.S8IONER.S. 

Thomas  O.  Marvin,  Chainnan. 
William  S.  Colbertson,   Vice  Chairman. 
David  J.  Lewis. 
Edward  P.  Costigax. 
Thomas  Walker  Paoe. 
William  Burgess. 

John  F.  Bethune,  Secretary. 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 

OF  THUS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 

THK   SUPERINTE\DE.VT  OK  DOCUMET.S 

GOVER.NMENT  PRIMTING  OFFICE 

WASmNGTU.V,  D.  C. 

AT 

10  CKNTS   PER  COPY 


Y 


g  CONTENTS. 


Introductiou 1 

The  emergency  tariff  and  tlie  deflation  of  prices ] 

Wheat  and  wheat  flour 4 

Flaxseed 1*> 

Corn 19 

Beans 2?, 

Peanuts 26 

Potatoes -33 

Onions 40 

Rice 44 

Lemons 48 

Citric  acid 49 

Vegetable  oils 51 

Peanut  oil 54 

Cottonseed  oil 56 

Coconut  oil 59 

Soya  bean  oil 63 

Olive  oil 65 

Cattle,  beef,  and  veal. 68 

Sheep,  mutton,  and  lamb. 77 

Pork 81 

Meats,  prepared  or  preserved 82 

Cotton 86 

Wool 98 

Sugar  and  molasses , .  .^ 108 

Dairy  products ..7'.. U5 

Butter : ." 115 

Butter  substitutes 120 

Cheese 121 

Milk 123 

Cream 124 

Preserved  milk 126 

Tobacco 129 

Apples 135 

Cherries 138 

Olives 138 

Duties  collected  under  the  emergency  tariff 142 

lU 


190190 


REPORT  ON  THE  EMERGENCY  TARIFF  ACT  OF  MAY  27,  1921. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  emergency  tariff  act  of  May  27,  1921,  levied  substantially 
increased  duties  on  the  following  articles:  Wheat:  wheat  flour  and 
semolina;  flaxseed:  corn;  beans;  peanuts  or  ground  beans;  potatoes, 
onions,  rice,  rice  flour,  and  rice  meal;  lemons;  peanut,  cottonseed, 
coconut,  soya  bean,  and  olive  oil;  cattle,  sheep,  fresh  and  frozen  beef, 
veal,  mutton,  lamb,  and  pork;  meats  of  all  kinds  prepared  or  pre- 
served, not  specially  provided  for;  cotton  having  a  staple  of  one  and 
three-eighths  inches  or  more  in  length;  manufactures  of  such  cotton: 
wool,  other  than  carpet  wool :  such  wool  when  advanced  in  manufac- 
ture; sugars  and  molasses;  butter  and  substitutes  therefor;  cheese 
and  substitutes  therefor;  fresh,  preserved,  and  condensed  milk;  sugar 
of  milk;  cream;  wrapper  tobacco;   apples;  cherries;   and  olives. 

The  effects  of  the  emergency  duties  have  been  obscured  by  the 
gpeat  change  in  prices  of  all  commodities  in  the  past  18  months.  / 
When  the  emergency  law  became  effective  the  United  States,  as  well/ 
as  the  rest  of  the  world,  was  in  the  midst  of  the  greatest  price  decline/ 
that  has  occurred  in  many  years.  Agricultural  prices  in  particular 
were  falling  precipitously  in  the  face  of  great  surpluses  which  came 
upon  the  market  after  the  war.  In  the  fall  and  winter  of  1921  a 
revival  set  in,  and  at  the  present  time  the  price  index  for  farm 
products  is  about  20  points  higher  than  in  July,  1921.  In  studying 
the  effect  of  the  emergency  tariff,  therefore,  this  decline  and  recent 
recovery  of  the  price  of  all  agricultural  products,  whether  on  the  emer- 
gency list  or  not,  should  be  borne  in  mind.  !  Only  by  a  study  of  partic- 
ular cases  can  the  direct  effects  of  the  duty~-be  determined,  and  even 
in  these  cases  the  issue  is  often  confused  by  offsetting  causes. |  The 
statistics  for  wheat,  cotton,  sugar,  and  wool,  for  example,  eadr  tell  a 
different  story,  and  it  is  only  by  direct  reference  to  such  details  that 
safe  conclusions  can  be  drawn.  It  may,  however,  be  stated  that  in 
practically  no  case  did  prices  rise  immediately  after  the  passage  of 
the  act,  although  the  downward  swing  was  checked  in  the  fall  and 
winter  of  1921.  It  will  also  be  noted  that  in  some  cases  a  decrease 
of  imports,  as  well  as  a  continued  decline  in  agricultural  prices  in 
this  country,  preceded  the  enactment  of  the  emergency  law.  This 
was  particularly  true  with  respect  to  beans,  corn,  and  certain  meat 
products. 

THE    EMERGENCY    TARIFF   AND   THE    DEFLATION    OF    TRICES. 

The  emergency  tariff  was  passed  in  the  midst  of  the  greatest  decline^ 
of  prices  thatJias  occurred  in  many  years.     Not  only  were  prices 
fallmg  in  the  United  States,  but  a  similar  movementwas  going  on  all 

1 


UKroHT    ON      INK    l.MKKt.KNTN     TAltlKK    ACT. 


ovfi  the  world.  Ill  fact  tlio  dcintuuls  for  the  oinorj^oncv  duties 
Inriioly  ^row  tuit  of  tlir  (Icinoinli/.ntioii  of  world  markets.  How  wide- 
.<pit'ad  and  uniform  has  hfcii  the  price  decline  nuiy  l>e  judi^ed  by  the 
following:  tahh'  (»f  index  nundxMs  of  w  hohvsnle  prices  in  (his  and  other 
countries; 

'r\iii.i;   1.   -W'/iolfKalv  price  ituiex  numbers.^ 


Ihtte. 


Stat&x. 


PfTCi. 

1«13   . 

ino 

isao: 

Januarv 

24S 

Febniarv. . . . 

249 

Muroh 

%'a 

April 

av. 

May 

272 

Iun«> 

269 

Jiilv 

262 

Aiipisl 

2.W 

Sei'toml.t-f... 

242 

OtlOl.iHT 

22.i 

Noveml.cr. . . 

2(17 

Oeeembw . . . 

1S9 

1921: 

January 

177 

February 

167 

laiiu. 

Kraiice. 

Canada. 

Ptrct. 

Peret. 

Per  ct. 

100 

100 

100 

2SS 

4S7 

348 

:«» 

523 

254 

S07 

.5,50 

2.5S 

■.m 

.iS,S 

261 

•Mh 

o-W 

26.3 

300 

493 

25K   1 

299 

496 

2.56 

29S 

.501 

244    1 

292 

.526 

241 

•2X2 

502 

234 

26.1 

460 

22,5 

243 

435 

214 

232 

407 

208 

215 

377 

199 

Date. 


1921— Con. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

.Sept(iinl)f>r. 

Octol-,er . . . 

Novemler. 

Det«)mher . 
1922: 

January. .. 

Feliruary. . 

March 

April 


United 
States. 

Per  ct. 

Eng- 
land. 

Per  ct. 

France. 

Per  a. 

162 

20S 

360 

1.54 

199 

347 

1.51 

191 

329 

14S 

183 

325 

14H 

186 

330 

1.52 

182 

331 

1.52 

176 

344 

1.51) 

163 

3:11 

149 

161 

332 

149 

157 

326 

14S 

1.56 

314 

151 

156 

306 

152 

1.57 

.307 

152 

159 

814 

194 

l.><7 

i8;{ 

179 
176 
174 
172 
169 
16S 
170 

ir,.s 


'  Data  oblaiiu-d  from  the  monthly  bulletin  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board. 
:inu  lakeii  ilireclly  from  the  Statist  beginning  with  .September,  1921. 


Index  numbers  for  Eng- 


The  <»utstanding  feature  of  this  table  is  the  synchronous  movement 
of  the  indices.  For  all  four  countries  they  move  downward  sinmlta- 
iKiously .  as  if  actuated  by  a  common  cause.  Another  important  point 
is  the  stability  of  prices  attained  in  the  countries  represented.  The 
index  for  the  United  States  in  May.  1P21.  for  example,  was  151.  In 
April,  1922.  it  was  152.  England,  France,  and  Canada  show  a  similar, 
though  not  so  close,  equilibrium  during  the  past  year.  Quotations  for 
France  are  still  high  as  compared  with  other  countries,  largely  because 
French  paper  prices  are  much  further  from  a  gold  basis  than  those  of 
the  countries  given. 

Of  more  importance  for  present  purposes  than  the  general  price 
5  decline  is  the  fall  in  values  of  agricultural  products  as  compared  with 
other  commodities.  Table  II  presents  this  comparison  both  for  agri- 
cultural products  as  a  group,  and  for  some  specific  items  such  as  corn, 
wheat,  and  cotton. 


^ 


REPORT    OX    THE    EMERGENCY    TARIFF    ACT.  ' 

Table  II. — Index  of  prices  for  specific  agricultural  products  as  compared  with  the  all- 
commodity  index  in  the  United  States. 


Date, 


1913 

1920: 

January . . . 

February.. 

March ..... 

April 

May 

.Tune 

July 

August 

September. 

October. . . 

November. 

December . 
J921: 

January . . . 

February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 

December. . 
1922: 

January 

February.. 

March 

April 


„ 

o 
to 

60 

a 

En 

.^ 
s 

S 

6C 

Hi 
o 

3 

3 

11 

=  S 

o 
die 

"O 

Z^_ 

tl 

o 

O. 

d 

'"O 

!<-d  . 

s 

ft 

03 

Z 

3  fe 

^r=^.:i 

^-» 

o 

O 

a 

a 
< 

c" 
o 

O 

O  ffi 

o 
O 

OS'S 

a>.3 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

248 

291 

213 

240 

318 

336 

267 

249 

278 

206 

229 

311 

308 

252 

253 

288 

200 

252 

320 

315 

253 

265 

304 

196 

275 

326 

344 

281 

272 

314 

179 

322 

318 

352 

302 

269 

301 

186 

299 

317 

332 

294 

262 

287 

184 

250 

311 

324 

284 

250 

259 

181 

249 

266 

292 

251 

242 

232 

186 

210 

213 

285 

253 

225 

191 

172 

143 

164 

241 

224 

207 

170 

159 

130 

140 

201 

209 

189 

155 

132 

119 

114 

192 

204 

177 

155 

119 

106 

114 

205 

199 

167 

145 

114 

103 

104 

191 

195 

162 

136 

116 

100 

87 

185 

170 

154 

126 

106 

90 

88 

161 

141 

151 

131 

104 

99 

93 

171 

159 

14S 

125 

102 

99 

87 

172 

146 

14S 

122 

109 

98 

90 

166 

125 

152 

123 

112 

91 

102 

160 

125 

152 

142 

104 

87 

155 

170 

129 

150 

134 

105 

76 

151 

151 

121 

149 

129 

103 

77 

138 

144 

119 

149 

129 

102 

75 

135 

144 

119 

148 

129 

107 

77 

130 

149 

121 

151 

139 

117 

91 

130 

174 

140 

152 

141 

118 

91 

143 

172 

138 

152 

M<3 

i 

TS-M 

S^. 

«  9i 

2>' 

03  » 

b 

:§•= 
X2  a 

■sii 

S^ 

<a  o 

O-w 

oa 

O) 

Per 

Per 

Per 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

100 

100 

100 

187 

179 

360 

176 

164 

3.50 

169 

158 

321 

163 

161 

449 

148 

151 

526 

177 

172 

497 

181 

197 

447 

180 

197 

349 

179 

20] 

334 

173 

195 

252 

171 

18.5 

225 

142 

171 

189 

116 

134 

177 

109 

124 

166 

112 

125 

184 

102 

127 

170 

99 

127 

148 

95 

124 

1.33 

99 

115 

128 

103 

124 

137 

98 

123 

131 

104 

127 

122 

101 

133 

121 

97 

127 

117 

96 

119 

112 

102 

112 

115 

103 

112 

121 

o  ■" 


Per 

cent. 
100 

263 
263 
263 
255 
247 
212 
193 
185 
178 
154 
147 
116 

116 
116 
112 
112 
108 
104 
104 
100 
100 
100 
108 
112 

124 
143 
154 


'  Data  obtained  from  the  monthly  bulletin  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board. 

.Vccording  to  this  table  the  bottom  seems  to  have  been  reached  for 
agricultural  prices  in  the  summer  of  1921.  The  index  for  farm  prod- 
ucts (chiefly  grains,  no  animals)  was  but  122  in  July,  as  compared 
with  148  for  all  commodities.  The  index  for  animal  products  fell  to 
102  in  June.  Corn,  cotton,  and  cattle,  during  the  summer,  w^ere  below 
100,  the  1913  base.  Recently,  how^ever,  there  has  been  a  noticeable 
increase.  Farm  products  came  up  to  141;  animal  products  to  118; 
and  individual  items  show  an  even  more  marked  increase. 

pTt  can  not  be  assumed,  of  course,  that  these  increases  are  due  solely 
toThe  emergency  tariff,  because  a  revival  of  industrial  activity  in  the 
autumn  of  1921  has  affected  the  price  of  most  of  the  raw  materials  in 
the  list;  this  is  especially  true  of  wool,  which  is  dutiable  under  the 
emergency  law,  and  of  middling  cotton,  wdiich  is  free?| 

Before  drawing  conclusions  as  to  the  general  cffec»  of  the  emer- 
gency law  a  somewhat  detailed  study  of  each  item  in  the  hill  must  be 
made.  These  items  are  presented  herewith  in  the  order  of  theii 
arrangement  in  the  law. 


itKi'dur  (tN    riiK  i:.mi:i;i;i:ncv    lAini'i-'  act, 

WHEAT   AND  WHEAT  FLOUR. 


Article. 


\\  |M<rtt 

Wheat  Hour  and  aemo- 
Un«. 


EjuerRency  tiirill 
rate. 

SeimU'l.ill.        1        Act  0  1 1913. 

Act  of  1909. 

35  cents  per  bushel. 
30  i»T  i-i-nt 

.30 cents  per  I'ushel. 
78  cents   per    100 
pounds. 

Free ' 

25  cents  per  bushel. 

Free ' 

25  per  cent. 

1  Wherti  dutial 
from  countries 
1917. 


iMeat  lOceiit.s  per  l.iislicl,  Hour  iit  4.'>  cents  per  barrel,  and  semolina  at  10  per  cent  ad  valorem 
imposing  a  duly  on  these  articles.    Canada  removed  its  duty  on  these  pro(hicts  in  April, 


Sr.MMAUY    AND    CONCLUSION. 

Tho  Tnitod  States  prodiicos  from  600,000,000  to  800,000,000 
bushels  of  wheat  annually,  exports  from  150,000,000  to  300,000,000 
bushels,  and  imports  from  1,000,000  to  50,000,000  bushels.  The 
([uantity  imported,  however,  should  not  be  compared  with  either  the 
total  protluction  or  total  exports  of  all  wheat,  because  practically  all 
imports  are  of  Canadian  hard  spring  wheat  which  comes  into  direct 
competition  with  the  same  variety  produced  in  the  upper  Mississippi 
Valley.  The  production  of  this  American  variety,  exclusive  of  durum, 
was  about  100,000,000  bushels  in  1921.  Normally  imports  from 
Canada  are  less  than  5.000,000  bushels,  but  in  the  past  two  or  three 
years  more  than  the  usual  pioportion  of  its  exportable  surplus 
came  to  the  United  States.  Before  the  war  England  took  about  85 
per  cent  of  all  Canadian  exports  and  the  United  States  about  5  per 
cent.  For  the  year  ending  in  March,  1921,  however,  England  took 
27  per  cent  and  the  United  States  30  per  cent  of  the  Canadian  ex- 
portable surplus.  After  the  passage  of  the  emergency  act  about  11 
per  cent  of  Canada's  exports  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  March  31,  1922, 
came  to  the  United  States  and  67  per  cent  went  to  England. 

The  efiect  of  these  changes  in  the  Canadian  and  American  wheat 
trade  are  limited  largely  to  hard  spring  wheat  in  the  two  countries. 
The  trade  in  the  great  bulk  of  the  domestic  wheat  does  not  seem  to 
have  been  appreciably  affected  by  the  duty.  Soft  wheats  were  not 
afTected  because  of  a  difference  in  demand  and  because  of  a  domestic 
exportable  surplus.  Pacific  coast  wheats  were  not  within  the  sphere 
of  influence  of  Canadian  imports  for  geographical  reasons,  and  the 

/trade  in  hard  winter  wheats  was  not  much  affected  because  the 

\  United  States  is  regularly  on  an  export  basis  for  this  class.  Almost 
"^Nthe  full  effect  of  the  duty  therefore  was  concentrated  upon  northern 

/spring  varieties  produced  in  the  upper  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
/  Valleys. 

^  Under  conditions  of  free  trade  between  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  Winnipeg  prices  of  No.  1  Manitoba  wheat  normally  exceeded 
the  Minnesota  prices  of  No.  1  Northern  Spring  by  5  or  6  cents  pei 
bushel.     After  the  passage  of  the  emergency  act,  however,  Minnesota 

/-prices  gradually  came  to  exceed  Winnipeg  prices  by  25  to  27  cents  per 
J)  Dushel.  Therefore,  after  allowance  is  madefor  the  liigher  quality  of  the 
^Canadian  wheat  the  differential  between  the  prices  in  the  two  mar- 

/  kets  is  now  almost  equal  to  the  duty. 


REPORT    OX    THE    EMERGENCY    TARIFF    ACT.  5 

It  is  significant,  however,  that  this  increase  in  the  differential 
after  the  passage  of  the  emergency  act  is  not  due  to  an  increase  in 
American  prices  but  rather  to  a  relatively  greater  decrease  in  Cana- 
dian prices.  Minneapolis  prices  gradually  declined  throughout  the 
whole  of  1921,  but  Winnipeg  quotations  went  dowTi  still  more  pre- 
cipitously, with  the  result  that  the  differential  was  about  equal  to 
the  duty  by  the  time  the  Canadian  crop  reached  the  market  in  the 
fall,  1921. 

That  there  was  a  fall  in  prices  of  Canadian  wheat  rather  than  an 
increase  in  American  prices  following  the  enactment  of  the  emergency 
tariff  is  no  proof  that  American  spring  wheat  prices  may  not  have 
been  affected  by  the  tariff;  whether  they  would  have  been  lower  in 
the  absence  of  the  duty,  and  by  how  much,  can  not  be  estimated, 

WHEAT. 

Wheat  is  grown  all  over  the  United  States,  but  there  are  areas  of 
surplus  and  of  deficiency  which  have  an  important  influence  upon  the 
trade  in  the  product.  "Generally  speaking  the  whole  area  east  of  the 
Mississippi  River  is  a  deficiency  region  with  the  excess  of  demand 
over  supply  growing  more  and  more  pronounced  as  the  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  seaboards  are  approached.  The  Gulf  and  Atlantic  States 
depend  almost  entirely  upon  the  Central  States  for  their  supply  of 
wheat. 

The  western  and  northern  parts  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  are  the 
great  surplus  area  of  the  country;  a  secondary  surplus  region  is 
Found  in  the  Pacific  northwest.  In  considering  the  surplus  regions  a 
distinction  must  be  made  between  local  and  national  surpluses.  The 
winter  wheat  areas  of  the  central  valley  and  the  Pacific  northwest 
produce  national  surpluses  in  the  sense  that  large  quantities  are 
exported  from  these  regions  to  foreign  countries.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  hard  spring  wheat  area  of  the  upper  valley,  Minnesota  and 
the  Dakotas  chiefly,  produces  a  local  surplus  which  is  largely  ab- 
sorbed in  the  form  of  flour  in  the  Northern  and  Eastern  States. 

Closely  related  to  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  wheat  areas 
are  the  different  varieties  of  wheat  produced  in  this  country.  The 
main  classes  are  hard  and  soft  wheat,  both  of  which  may  be  of  the 
winter  or  spring  varieties.  Roughly  speaking,  Kansas  is  the  center 
of  the  hard  winter  wheat  section  and  the  Dakotas  are  the  center  of 
the  hard  spring  wheat  area  of  the  United  States.  Most  of  the  wheat 
grown  east  of  the  Mississippi,  as  well  as  a  portion  of  the  west  central 
wheat,  is  of  the  soft  winter  type.  The  Pacific  northwest  grows  both 
winter  and  spring  wheat  of  the  soft  and  semihard »varieties. 

In  addition  to  these  grades  a  «pecial  variety  called  durum  is 
grown  in  the  hard  spring  wheat  region  of  the  upper  valley.  This 
wheat  is  used  largely  in  the  manufacture  of  macaroni  in  the  United 
States  and  Europe. 

The  above-mentioned  varieties  of  wheat  each  have  their  special 
uses  and,  because  of  the  established  habits  of  consumers,  one  kind 
may  be  substituted  for  another  only  to  a  limited  extent. 

Hard  wheat,  both  winter  and  spring,  is  the  great  bread  wheat. 
Hard  spring  wheat  is  especially  favored  for  blending  with  weaker 
kinds  because  it  is  "strong,"  i.'  e.,  its  high  protein  content  causes 


()  KKi'our  ON    nil-;  k.mkuckncv    iai;iii"  act. 

t\w  tlour  inmlr  tioiii  il  to  ahsorh  iclalivcly  larij;('  (|Uiiritities  of  water, 
and  to  make  a  lij^lit  Knif  of  fine  toxtiiH'. 

Soft  wlu'ats.  on  llio  otlior  hand,  niak(>  tlic  hcst  pastry  flour.  In 
many  casrs  tlu>  luud  and  soft  vari('ti(>s  arc  l)l(Mult'd  for  an  all-piirposo 
llour  widt'ly  usfd  in  domestic  l)akin<j:.  It  follows,  thoroforo.  that 
the  nulliM-'s  dcMnand  is  nt»t  for  wheat  as  such,  hut  for  ceitain  varieties 
in  certain  proportions  tlnit  lie  may  keep  his  ])iands  of  flour  up  to 
accustomed  standards. 

Canada  has  a  lar<;(>  acreage  suitahle  foi-  the  fjjrowtii  of  hard  sjjring 
wi\i>at  and  many  niillions  of  bushels  {jioduced  there  annually  must 
find  a  mark<'t  either  in  the  United  States  or  Europe.  Another 
eliinent  of  tlie  situation  is  the  dominance  in  normal  times  of  the 
Liverpool  market  over  Cana(lian  and,  to  a  lessor  extent,  over  Amer- 
ican wheat  prices.  Xormally  JOnijland  absorbs  so  larfje  a  portion 
of  the  Canadian  exportal^Ie  surplus  of  wheat  that  Winnipeg  may 
be  considered  a  |)urchasin«x  station  for  Liverpool. 

vSo  louiT.  therefore,  as  Eufjlish  })rices  of  wheat  are  higher  than 
American  j)rices.  after  allowance  is  made  for  transportation  expenses, 
the  Canadian  surj)lus  will  <ro  abroatl  rather  than  come  to  tliis  country. 
Occasionally,  however,  when  Minneapolis  prices  of  spring  wheat  are 
above  the  export  basis,  i.  e.,  higher  than  Liverpool,  transportation 
costs  aside,  there  will  be  a  drift  of  Canadian  wheat  into  this  country 
for  consumption. 

A  further  geographical  factor  of  some  importance  is  the  location 
of  the  Canadian  wheat  supply  w^ith  respect  to  the  deficienc}'^  region 
of  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  Because  of  rail  and  lake  transportation 
facilities  our  eastern  markets  are  as  accessible  to  the  spring  wheat  of 
Canada  as  they  are  to  the  wheat  of  the  Dakotas  and  Montana.  Much 
of  the  Canadian  crop,  in  the  form  either  of  wheat  or  flour,  normally 
passes  through  our  ports  on  its  way  to  Europe.  It  follows,  therefore, 
that  when  price  conditions  are  favorable  much  of  it  may  stop  in 
transit  and  be  consumed  in  the  United  States.  This  consumption, 
however,  in  some  cases  merely  replaces  an  equal  amount  of  our  own 
wheat  which  is  exported.  In  the  absence  of  a  duty.  Canadian  wheat 
often  moves  into  this  country  at  Duluth,  Detroit,  and  Buffalo  at  the 
same  time  that  our  winter  wheat  is  moving  to  Europe  by  w^ay  of 
New  Orleans,  Baltimore,  and  New  York.  On  the  other  hand, 
Canadian  imports  are  sometimes  genuinely  competitive  with  the 
domestic  hard  spring  wheat. 

Witli  the  situation  as  outlined  above  in  mind — the  national  sur- 
plus of  hard  and  soft  winter  wheat,  the  shortage  of  northern  spring 
wheat,  the  competitive  relation  of  some  varieties  of  wheat  as  con- 
trasted with  the  complementary  relation  of  other  varieties  used  for 
V)lending  purposes — trie  details  given  in  the  statistical  tables  below^ 
may  be*  of  interest  as  a  basis  for  further  study. 

In  Table  I  are  shown  the  production,  imports,  and  exports  of  wheat 
for  the  United  States  since  1910. 


RKPOKT    OX    THK    KMEKGENCV    TARIFF    ACT. 
Table  I. — Wheat^ — Su77imarij  table. 


Year.2 

Production. 

Domestic 
exports,  in- 
cluding flour, 
year  ending 

June  30. 

Imports, 

including 

flour, 

year  ending 

June  30. 

Imports, 

including          Pro- 
flour  from       portion 

Canada,         of  crop 
year  ending  1  exported. 

June  30.      \ 

Ratio  of 
imports 
to  pro- 
duction. 

1910-11 ... 

1911-12 

Bttshelx. 

63r.,  121,000 
621,33k  000 

Bu>ihels. 
69,311,760 
79. 689. 404 

Bushels. 

1, 146, 558 

3,413,626 

1,282,039 

2,383,537 

715,369 

7,187,650 

24,924,985 

31,215,213 

11, 288,  .591 

5, 495, 516 

.57,324,288 

3  13,847,740 

Bushels. 
1, 139, 151 
3,38.5,337 
1,242,960 
2,291,7.50 
652,086 
7. 1.56, 179 

24.  .500, 210 

26,738,392 
4,871,826 
4,637,571 

56, 919,  .337 



Per  cent. 
10.9 
12.8 
19.6 

Per  cent. 
0.2 

1912-13 

730,267,000        112.879.596 

.2 

1913-14 

763, 3S^0, 000 
891,017,000 
1,025.801,000 
636,318,000 
636,655,000 
921,438,000 
967,979,000 
833, 027,  (X)0 

145, 590, 349 
332, 464, 975 
243,117,026 
203,573,928 
132,  .578, 633 
287,401,579 
219,861,398 
365, 960,  .599 

246,703,496 

19.1                .3 

1914-15 

37. 3                .  08 

1915-16 

1916-17.. 

23. 7                .7 
32. 0              3. 9 

1917-18 

1918-19 

20.8 
31.2 
22.7 
43.9 

4.9 
1.2 

1919-20 

.5 

1920-21 

6.8 

10  months  ending  April, 
1922 

'  Flour  is  included  in  the  wheat  statistics  at  the  rate  of  4J  bushels  per  barrel  of  flour. 
2  Production  figures  are  for  crop  years.    Import  and  export  figures,  1910-1918,  are  for  fiscal  year;  1919- 
1922,  for  calendar  year.s. 
»  Practically  all  from  Canada.    Exact  imports  of  flour  from  Canada  are  not  reported. 

From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  this  country  produces  from 
600,000,000  to  800,000,000  bushels  of  wheat,  exports  150,000,000  to 
300,000,000  bushels,  and  imports  from  1,000,000  to  50,000,000 
bushels.  Exports  run  20  to  30  per  cent  of  production  and  imports 
are  from  1  to  5  per  cent  of  production.  The  season  of  1920-21  was 
exceptional  in  that  we  exported  365,000,000  bushels,  or  44  per  cent  of 
the  crop,  and  imported  nearly  60,000,000  bushels,  or  the  ec[uivalent  of 
about  7^  per  cent  of  production.  The  two  war  years  1916-1918  were 
also  abnormal.  The  10  months  ending  with  April,  1922,  show  a 
great  decline  from  the  previous  exceptional  year  in  imports  under 
the  emergency  tariff,  but  imports  remained  much  higher  than  they 
were  before  the  war. 

Practically  all  imports,  as  shown  by  this  table,  are  from  Canada. 

Table  II  gives  the  destination  of  wheat  exports.  Europe  takes 
most  of  them,  with  England  first  and  Italy  second  in  the  order  of 
demand.  Exports  to  Canada,  mainly  for  reexport  to  Europe,  have 
been  substantial. 


Table  II. —  Wheat  andjluur — Itomestic  exports  to  'principal  countries. 


Year.i 


1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 


Total. 


Bwheh. 
87,3(14,317 
69,311,7.59 
79,689,403 
142, 879,  .596 
145,590,349 

1915 1     332, 464, 975 

1916 1     243, 117, 025 

1917 203, 573, 928 

1918 132,578,632 

1919 i     267, 110, 934 

1920 1     307,630, 298 

1921 1     355,661, 223 


England. 


Bushels. 

20,038,686 

16,818,872 

18,278,830 

33,675,065 

'i9,  .567, 1.53 

67,820,697 

.53,(K)8,048 

66,218,6.54 

,52, 478, 063 

78, 283, 488 

76.407,056 

64,928,036 


Italy 


Bushels. 

2,000,679 

315,937 

.549,204 

7,268,800 

1,924,943 

47,626,249 

36,276,102  i 

18,191,099 

21,812,160 

,51, 795,  .595 

38, 456, 143 

61,095,006 


France. 


Bushels. 
8,58, 881 

3,667,995 
6(),  275 

4,974,1X8 

.5,  .596, 801 
.59, 549, 294 
34,793,224 
22,684,33S 
25,642,038 
48, 822,. 564 
27,677,264 

9,056,250 


Belgium. 


Bushels. 

6,036,639 

2,520,246 

4,077,148 

10,69.5,073 

12,930,630 

8,  ,579, 207 

3,126,431 

2,698,044 

8, 366, 002 

28,379,943 

24,647,671 

211,349,731 


'  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  yeiirs,  1919-1921. 


8  iM'.i'iutr  ON    riii;  K.MKiuii.xcv  TAnii'K  act, 

Taiii  K   11.      W'hriil  and  flour  -Ifoiiifstic  exports  l>  i>rinci pal  countries — Continued. 


Year.' 


JUt.iheln.  /<u.»/ir/. 

I'M'  a.siui.us-i  (t.oji, 

UMl                                ;  l,-»:ill,(M4  4,7l.'.'. 

I'.MJ                               i  UMi.  KU)  ti,  i'j;>, 

hti.i                      i,'j«.">.  i;n  is,  701. 

mU 4,r.77,{VS.->  '.M.'-tid, 

\\»s '.tt,  i(.:«,sy.'i  :i\),:i\s, 

1910 (>,47l,(>4<»  TZ,MtH, 

l'>17 1  5,t«»,X53  '  21,7S7, 

l<.tl> I  627,543]  4«7, 

\\n\)..                1,454,335  1  6,H3'2, 

19-Ji U,fl25.207  15,201. 

IWi...  20,3I7,31S  30,047, 


nils. 

(Ii-riiiiiiiy. 
liunhelK. 

Cuba. 

All    other. 

'. 

Bushels. 

fimhels. 

510 

(•..419,s7n 

3,593,325 

31,54.s,97r, 

741 

1,739,201 

3,S21,997 

34,184, 634 

S74 

2, 175, 142 

3,812,956 

43.317, X14 

U4l 

12,s7K,775 

4, 130, 926 

49, 259, 637 

Sin 

11,777,242 

4,070,487 

50,785,201) 

123 

2,  tW9, 20>i 

4,21f.,054 

82, 502,24s 

733 

5,311,029 
4,625,435 

82,071,815 

994 

62,306,511 

IHK 

3,084,614 
6,362,254 

19,920,9(14 

ISO 

190,458 

44,962,017 

905 

13,005,750 

6,283,590 

90,935,622 

065 

44.697,635 

4,810,030 

90,760.147 

'  Kiscjil  yiMr,  1910  191S;  cileiulnr  year,  1919-1921. 

«  Tilt'  biilk  of  thi-  appari-nt  exports  to  Ciinada  represents  merely  a  transit  tnule. 

Tablo  III  shows  the  import:-  and  exports  of  wheat  by  months  since 
January,  1920. 

Ta»lk  III. —  Wheat  anil  flunr — Imports  and  exports  by  vionlhs. 


DaU. 


1920. 


Imports.        Exports. 


Busl»cls. 

Jaiuiarv :  .886, 777 

Febriiarv I  657. 821 

Mareh..". ;  707,012 

April •  326,482 

Mav '  5(i9, 157 

Juiie !  4.59. 7S3 

July I  219,120 

A  ugiist ;  445, 24<) 

Sei'tember 1, 907, 899 

Oct  ()t)er 10,  .■);J7, 120 

November 10, 430, 079 

December 12, 255, 703 

1921. 

January i  5,496,849 

February '  5, 314, 170 


BuBlieli. 
12, 273, 653 
10,581,486 
16, 8S0,  893 
13,721,573 
25,8H7,664 
21,753.623 
34, 654, 740 
32,674.163 
34,994,181 
43, 033,  442 
30, 9S8, 720 
30, 186, 158 


27,104,625 
23,075,208 


Date. 


1921 

March 

April 

May 

Jiiiie 

.luly 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1922 

.January 

February 

.March . .". 


Imports.       Exports 


Busfiels. 

3, 4.56, 131 

4,986,552 

2,117,990 

118,098 

723, 88 1 

2.56, 195 

%,806 

1,084,017 

1,. 556, 498 

2,312,522 


3,648,643 

487, 426 

2,923,683 


BustieU. 

20, 763, 041 

24,801,351 

31, 623, 973 

32, 192, 279 

30,413.379 

66,963,407 

38,950,108 

25, 366, 408 

19,452,714 

15,014,437 


14,981,738 
10,990,776 
14,371,395 


The  first  month  after  the  passage  of  the  emergency  tariff  shows  a 
falling  off  of  imports  from  2,118,000  bushels  in  May,  1921,  to  only 
1 18,000  bushels  in  June.  There  was  an  increase  during  the  latter  part 
of  the  year,  but  imports  were'small  as  compared  with  the  same  season 
of  the  preceding  year,  running  from  10,000,000  to  12,000,000  bushels 
monthly  in  the  last  quarter  of  1920  as  compared  with  1,000,000  or 
2,000.000  bushels  for  the  same  months  in  1921. 

The  foregoing  statistics  represent  the  American  trade  in  wheat  and 
flour  as  a  whole,  regardless  of  varieties  or  areas  of  production.  Inas- 
much as  the  tariff  affects  certain  regions  and  varieties  more  directly 
than  others,  tables  which  localize  the  problem  more  definitely  than 
can  be  'done  by  general  statistics  are  given  below.  Table  IV  shows 
the  annual  production  of  winter  and  spring  wheat  since  1910. 


T.\BLE  IV. —  Winter  and  spring  wheat — Domestic  production. 


Y.-iii. 


Winter 
wheat. 


Buttielt. 

1910 4H1'*2,000 

1911 4.«),  6.5*;,  OOf) 

1912 399,919,f«X) 

19I.S 52  (,.561,000 

1914 684,990,000 

1915 67.1,947,000 


Spring  wheat 


Year. 


-Winter 
wheat. 


Buslieh. 

1916 !  480, 55.S,  000 

1917 ;  412,901,000 

I9I8 j  565, 099, 000 

1919 760,  .■i77, 000 

1920 610,  h9T,  000 

1921 587,0'.2.000 


Spring  wheat . 

BMhdt. 
1.5.5, 765, 000 
223,  IH,  OOO 
356, 339, 000 
207, 602, 000 
222,4^0,000 
207,861,000 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF    ACT. 


9 


It  will  be  seen  that  winter  wlieat  constitutes  approximately  two- 
thirds  of  our  total  crop  and  sprmg  wheat,  incliidinoj  durum,  about 
one-third.  If  we  assume  that  a  duty  will  not  seriously  affect  the 
winter  wheat  market  because  we  are  heavy  exporters  of  these  classes, 
the  tariff  problem  is  confined  to  not  more  than  one-sixth  of  the  crop. 
For,  although  spring  wheat  constitutes  about  one-third  of  the  har- 
vest, a  considerable  portion  of  it  must  be  excluded  from  considera- 
tion because,  either  on  account  of  varieties  or  of  geographical  location, 
Canadian  spring  wheat  does  not  compete  with  our  total  spring- wheat 
production.  This  point  is  brought  out  in  the  following  table,  which 
shows  the  distribution  of  winter  and  spring  wheat  among  the  several 
States : 

Table  V. — Winter  and  spring  wheat— Production  by  States,  1921. 


state. 

Winter 
wheat. 

Spring 
wheat. 

State. 

Winter 
wheat. 

Spring 
wheat. 

Bushels. 

Bushels. 
187,000 
12''^000 
3i:-2, 000 

Bushels. 
128,564,000 
0,340,000 

4,500,000 

210, 000 

84,000 

20.810,000 

47;  32.5, 000 

958, 000 

4,228,000 

738, 000 

16,1,52,000 

2,142,000 

840,000 

2, 9S.5, 000 

61,000 

10,279,000 

37,457,(X)0 

20,125,000 
8,355,000 

Btishcls. 
131  000 

Vermont 

Kentucky 

New  York 

8,385,000 

1,539,000 

23,i25,000 

1 , 300, 000 
7,  P52. 0(M) 
8,301,000 
3,125,000 
4,  500, 000 

1 , 298, 000 

1,449,000 

28, 272, 000 

24,144,000 

42,(;38,(X)0 

13,712,000 
1,424,000 
1.288,000 
8,928,000 

34,390,000 

Tennessee 

New  Jersev 

Pennsylvania 

225.000 

Alabama 

Mi-ssissippi 

Belaware 

Texas 

Maryland 

Oklahoma 

Virginia..          ..  . 



Arkansas 

West  N'irginia 

North  Carolina 

Montana. . . 

23  940  0(X) 

Wyoming 

2, 680!  000 
7  087  000 

South  Carolina 

Colorado 

Georgia 

New  Mexico 

94(i  000 

Ohio 

.    .   . 

425,000 

48,  ( 00 

2,  .596,  (X)0 

300,000 

1,388,000 

23,  ^55, 000 

1, 174, 000 

72,000 

73,2r-4,000 
24,930,000 
2,316,000 

! 

:  Arizona 

Utah . . 

Indiana 

lUinoi'i 

3,314,m)0 

432,000 

l(i,  800, 000 

17,205,000 

Michigan 

Nevada 

Idaho 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

4, 192, 0(X) 

Missouri 

United  State*  . . 

North  Dakota 

587, 032, 000 

South  Dakota 

Nebraska 

1,050,000  1 
57,  .559, 000  1 

It  is  the  States  of  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley  that  are  directly 
affected  by  the  tariff.  The  chief  of  these  are  Minnesota,  North  and 
South  Dakota,  and  Montana.  Most  of  the  other  spring  wheat  areas — • 
Maine,  Vermont,  and  New  York  in  the  Northeast,  and  Idaho,  Wash- 
ington, and  Oregon  in  the  Northwest— are  outside  the  influence  of 
Canadian  wheat  either  by  reason  of  a  difference  in  variety  or  by 
geographical  location. 

Indeed,  the  quantity  of  spring  wheat  affected  directly  by  Canadian 
competition,  and  therefore  by  the  tariff,  may  be  further  reduced 
by  the  exclusion  of  durum  wheat  from  the  crop  of  hard  spring 
varieties  grown  in  the  Northwest.  Such  exclusion  is  shown  in 
Table  VI. 


10 


itKi'oiM"  ON    nil".  iMi:u(ii:N(  V    r.\i;ii  !•    act. 

Taiuk  \  1.      Sjiriini  iiliiiil      I'nxhirtinn  in  /)iiiirii><ilSltitt:s. 


."^tjitiMiliil  ynir. 

Durum. 

840.  (XK) 
.5.S(i,  (KK) 
1,5.57,  (XX) 
2,400,(KX) 
1,4SS,0(K) 
l,383,0(KI 
1,916,000 

10,  .389. 000 
7,314,000 
I4,l(i.S,(XX) 
.30,  K50, 000 
21,  720,  (XX) 
29,209,000 
:«,  :«6, 000 

0,724,000 
2,999,000 
8,941,000 

12. 403,  (XX) 
0,S48,(XX) 
7,131,000 

10,  .570, 000 

1,400,000 
4,510,000 
94;j,000 
4,231,0(X) 
3,711,000 

2t),  120,000 
,50, 235,  (KX) 
30, 990,  (KKt 
41,9,54,0(K) 
49,53,3,000 

(>lht<r 
varietio.s. 

Hiixhrt.i. 
41,100,000 

24,  91 4, (XX) 
4><,0<>8,(KX) 
72,  OtX),  (XX) 
.■{.3, 040, 0(X) 

25,  217,(KX) 
21,  7.39,  (KK) 

71,203,000 
.32,01  l.mK) 
tl,832,(KXI 
7»,Sl(i.(KK) 
41, 0.50,  (KK) 
5!,0,t,5,0(K) 
39,928,000 

23. 870, 000 
19.051,000 
34,459,(XK) 
48, 397, 0(K) 
•Si,  320,  (KK) 
l,s,3(9,0(X) 
14,  300,  (XX) 

9,  .520, 000 
10,  784, 000 

(),  14S,(XK) 
19,  ,539, 000 
20,229,0(X) 

134,  479, 000 
212,0.S7,0(X) 
10:5,,57(),0(XI 
114, 130,  (XX) 
96, 2.56, 000 

Total  all 

vurit'licrs. 

Rtuiheh. 
42.000,000 
25, 5(X),  000 
.".0,22.5,000 
74,. 5.50, 000 
34,5.31,000 
20, 000, 000 
23, 0.55, 000 

81,. 592, 000 
39, 325,  (KX) 
.50, 0(X),  (XK) 
105, 072,  (KX) 
02,  770, 000 
.SO,  244, 000 
73,264,000 

30,  ()00, 000 
22, 050, 000 
43,  400,  (WO 
00,  .S(X),  (KX) 
30,108,000 
25,  470, 000 
24.930,000 

10,980,(K)() 
21,:?(K).(KKI 
7,01I1,(KMI 
23,  770,  (UK) 
23,940,(XK) 

KiO,  00.5, 000 
202,322,000 
134,  .500,000 
1.50,  (),S4, 000 
14.5,789,000 

Ratio 
ofdurum 
to  total. 

Minnesota: 

1914 

Pn  cent. 

2 

Ittltt    

2 

1917 

3 

1018 

3 

1919    .          

4 

1920 

.""i 

1921                

8 

North  Pakota: 

19H               

13 

1916                      .' 

19 

1917 

25 

1918                     

20 

1919 

3.5 

lyjO                       

.to 

1921         

4.''. 

South  OakoU*: 

22 

1916                  

14 

21 

191S               

20 

•2.3 

1920                   

28 

+2 

i;: 

1918            

Ji 

'A 

1920        

IS 

15 

Four  States: 

1917               

10 

191,S                     

19 

23 

1920                       

27 

.34 

Durum  wlicat  has  shown  a  steadv^  increases  in  production  both  abso- 
lutely and  rehitivel}^  as  compared  with  otlier  varieties  of  spring  wheat. 
From  26,000,000  bushels  in  the  four  states— Minnesota,  Montana,  and 
the  two  Dakotas — in  1917,  this  variety  increased  to  a  total  of  about 
50,000,000  for  the  season  1920-21,  or  an  increase  from  16  to  34  percent 
of  the  total  spring  wheat  crop  in  the  four  States. 

For  comparative  purposes,  especially  with  respect  to  the  American 
production  of  about  100,000,000  bushels  of  hard  spring  wheat,  the 
Canadian  production  and  trade  for  the  same  variety  is  given  below. 

Table  VII. — Canadian  wheat  andfioxir — Production  and  exforts} 


V«ir  (Midrd  Mar 

31.        l'ro<liiclion. 

Bushtlx. 

2:10,924,000 

224,K59,0(XI 

Total 
exports. 

Exports  to 
the  United 
Kingdom. 

Exports 
to  the 
United 
State,s. 

Bmhch. 
.3.59,511 

1,260,475 
9,909,4.53 
7,609,489 
4,;127,9.50 
9,49.5,821 
19,();12,(K)7 
•2.5,S71,:145 
2, 0:12, 009 
0.795,517 
47,069,709 
19, 100,  .348 

I'ciccutagc 

exported 

(0  the 

United 

Kingdom. 

I'erccntage 

exported 

totho 

United 

States. 

1911 

1912                 

liuxhetx. 

.59,  .522, 822 

si,  291, 048 
li:{,317,'202 
142,171,402 

94,198,901 
186,  .540, 4:12 
22:1,0.59,  .599 
195,082,203 

K3, 2:13,  .372 
117,861,843 
156,291,  SOI 
169, 8.5.3,  .507 

Buahelii. 
.52, 118,  .572 
70,  .S07,  .806 
9(I.0S3, 171 
121, 1.50,  .3.5:1 
7.S,4lS.:i.59 
1,57, 939;  7 10 
170, 1S2,623 
1.53.103,348 
00.961,791 
77:^17.780 
41;  0.5.5, 122 
113,814,941 

Pa  cent. 
87 
87 
80 
85 
83 
.85 
32 
78 
73 
06 
27 
07 

Per  cent. 
0.6 

1 

1913         .., 

231,717,000 

9 

1914 

1915 

1910 

1917        

161,2S0,(KX)  1 

39:j,  .542, 600 

262,781, 0(X) 

233,742,000 

5 
5 

4 

1918 

1919       

189,075,3,50 

193,200,4(X) 

13 

2 

1920          

2f«,189,,300 

0 

2  .300  8.58  100 

30 

1922'                 

U 

1  Canadian  Veart.ooks  1915,  1918,  1920. 

-  Monthly  Iliilletiii  of  Agricultural  .Siatistics,  Canada,  .lanuarv,  1922. 

'  Monthly  Report  o/the  Trade  of  Canada,  March,  1922. 


KEPOKT    ON    THK    KMKRCiKXCY    TAKIFF    ACT. 


11 


The  outstanding  feature  of  the  table  is  the  size  of  Canada's  export 
trade  as  compared  with  her  total  production.  In  the  10-year  period 
since  1911  her  exports  have  been  about  two-thirds  of  her  produc- 
tion. The  destination  of  the  Canadian  exports  is  also  important. 
Before  the  war  more  tliau  80  per  cent  wont  to  England,  and  about 
5  per  cent  to  the  United  States.  Recently,  however,  there  has  been 
a  significant  change.  In  1921  England  took  only  27  per  cent  of 
Canadian  exports,  whereas  the  United  States  took  30  per  cent. 
Even  under  the  emergency  tariff  this  country  got  11  per  cent  of 
Canada's  exports  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  March  31,  1922.  Whether 
this  shift  away  from  British  markets  is  permanent  or  temporary 
can  not  be  determined  at  this  time.  Upon  this  question,  however, 
largely  depends  the  effectiveness  of  an  American  dut}^  against  Can- 
adian wheat. 

That  the  tariff  has  had  a  direct  effect  upon  our  imports  of  wheat 
from  Canada  is  shown  not  only  by  the  falling  off  of  General  imports 
for  the  months  succeeding  the  enactment  of  the  law  but  also  by  the 
decline  in  imports  of  wheat  for  consumption  as  compared  with  gen- 
eral imports. 

Table  VIII. —  Wheat  and  flour — Imports  and  stocks  in  Government  warehouse. 


Year. 

General  im- 
ports: Total 
wheat  and 
flour. 

Imports  for 
consump- 
tion: Total 
wheat  and 
flour. 

Date. 

Stocks  in 

warehouse; 

Wheat  and 

flour. 

1919: 

Free 

Bushels. 
7, 972, 123 
13, 382 

39, 319, 842 
92, 361 

21, 586, 791 
6,046,027 

Bushels. 
7,  989, 300 
13, 379 

39,  313, 628 
98,586 

21,  .587, 800 
4, 465, 819 

JDee.  31,1919 
JDec.  31,1920 
JDec.  31,1921 
JMar.  31,1922 

Bushels. 

1920: 

Free 

Dutiable 

1921: 

Free 

Dutiable 

1, 562, 097 

1922,  first  quarter: 

Free 

Dutiable 

7,  059, 752 

2, 974, 0S7 

5, 643, 102 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  table  that  normally  imports  for  consump- 
tion are  practicall}^  the  same  as  general  imports.  After  the  enact- 
ment of  the  emergency  tariff,  however,  a  divergence  in  the  two  sets  of 
figures  is  apparent.  General  dutiable  imports  were  about  6,000,000 
bushels  in  1921  as  compared  with  imports  for  consumption  of  less 
than  4,500,000  bushels.  In  the  first  quarter  of  1922  general  imports 
are  over  7,000,000  bushels  and  imports  for  consumption  less  than 
3,000,000.  The  column  showing  the  statistics  in  Government  ware- 
houses accounts  largeh'  for  the  difference  between  the  two  sets  of 
figures.  No  wheat  was  reported  in  warehouse  on  December  31,  either 
in  1919  or  1920,  but  in  December,  1921,  1,500,000  bushels  were  in 
bond.  On  March  31,  1922,  bonded  stocks  had  accumulated  to  a  total 
of  over  5,600,000  bushels. 

The  foregoing  statistics  of  the  wheat  and  flour  trade  are  important 
chiefly  in  their  relation  to  prices  of  the  diff"erent  varieties  of  wheat  in 
Canada  and  the  United  States.  For  purposes  of  price  comparisons 
there  have  been  selected  quotations  for  No.   1  northern  Manitoba 


12 


ItKlMUrr    ON     rilK    K.MKlUiKNCV    T.VKIFF    Ai;T. 


wluMit  on  tlu>  Winnipi'irinarkot  in  store  at  Port  Arthur  or  Fort  William, 
ami  No.  1  (lark  nortluMn  snrinj;  on  tlic  Minnrapolis  market.  The 
MLTurt's  ^ivtMi  ari'  tho  niontiily  av(M-ajj:os  of  (hilly  (juotation.s  for  these 
"•raih's.     Frii't's  are  also  shown  for  N»).  2  hard  winter  wheat  in  Kansas 


T.\iii  K  IX. — Prices  of  wheal. 


Diite. 


\920. 

.<^cptPintH>r 

<  trtolwr 

November 

Deccmhor 

1921 

January 

Fcbruarj- 

March 

.Vpril 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1922 

January 

Febmarj" 

MarcJi 

April 


Mlnne- 

aoolLs: 

No.  1 

dark 

nortliern, 


S2.62 
2.20 
1.77 
1.72 


1.  SI 
1.71 
1.69 
1..t4 
1.B4 
1.69 
1.74 
l.:~A 

i.ra 

1.36 
1.30 
1.31 


1.35 
1.55 
1.58 
1.64 


Winni- 
peg:  No. 

1  nortli- 
ern Man- 
itoba 
(current 

8X- 

cliange). 


S2.47 
2.10 

1.S2 
1.65 


1.70 
1.65 
1.67 
1.57 
1.67 
1.68 
1.61 
1.62 
1.32 
1.09 
1.01 
1.05 


1.08 
1.28 
1.3R 
1.39 


Excess 

of 

Kansas 

Minne- 

City: 

apolis 

No.  2 

over 

hard 

1   Winui- 

winter. 

i      peg- 

so.  15 

i 
»2.  45  : 

1          .10 

2.07 

!        -.05 

1.77 

1            .07 

1.69 

.11 

1.72 

.06 

1.62 

.01 

1.54 

-.03 

1.33 

-.03 

1.47 

.01 

1.4(i 

.13 

1.21 

-.08 

1.15 

.21 

1.22 

.27 

1.11 

.29 

1.08 

.26 

1.10 

.27 

1.14 

.27 

1.29 

.22 

1.34 

.25 

1.36  I 

1 

E.xce.ss 

of 
Kansas 
City  over 
Winni- 
peg. 


-»0.02 
-.03 

.04 


A  wide  difference  between  Minneapolis  prices  and  Winnipeg  prices 
may  be  noted.  The  differential  did  not  rise  immediately  after  the 
passage  of  the  emergency  act  because  quotations  of  Canadian  wheat 
are  largely  nominal  during  the  summer  months,  but  in  September  the 
result  of  the  duty  seems  to  be  reflected  in  the  price  of  the  new  crop. 
.fVs  a  matter  of  fact  the  difference  in  values  in  the  two  markets  dur- 
ing the  fall  and  winter  of  1921  is  probably  nearer  the  tariff  rate  of  35 
cents  per  bushel  than  these  figures  indicate,  because  Manitoba  No.  1 
Northern  wheat  usually  sells  at  a  premium  of  5  or  6  cents  per  bushel 
above  the  price  of  the  nearest  comparable  grade  of  American  wheat. 

It  is  significant  that  the  differential  is  not  caused  by  the  increase 
in  American  spring  wheat  prices  but  rather  by  a  decline  in  Canadian 
prices.  Minneapolis  quotations  rose  slightly  during  June  and  July, 
then  fell  and  remained  relatively  low  until  the  spring  of  1922,  but 
Winnipeg  prices  declined  even  in  the  autumn  of  1921.  Quotations 
were"  as  low  as  .?1.01  per  bushel  in  November,  1921,  as  compared  with 
$1.82  in  November,  1920. 

The  price  of  No.  2  hard  winter  wheat  in  Kansas  City  does  not  reflect 
any  certain  effects  of  the  tariff  because  the  differential  between  its 
price  and  that  of  Canadian  wheat  is  erratic.  It  is  true  that  the  dis- 
count of  hard  winter  wheat,  under  Manitoba  spring  wheat  in  the 
summer  of  1921  changed  to  a  premium  in  the  fall,  but  that  this 


REPORT   OX   THE   EMERGEXCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


13 


change  was  caused  by  the  imposition  of  the  duty  is  a  matter  of  con- 
jecture. That  the  change  is  not  permanent  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
the  differential  in  December  for  both  1920  and  1921  is  about  the  same — 
6  cents  in  one  case  and  4  cents  in  the  other. 

If  the  difference  in  price  between  Canadian  spring  wheat  and  Kan- 
sas winter  wheat  has  not,  during  the  period  studied,  reflected  the  duty 
in  any  consistent  manner,  the  further  question  arises  whether  a  duty 
does  or  can  have  any  effect  upon  the  price  of  winter  wheat.  The 
answer  to  this  question  depends  upon  (l)  whether  hard  winter  wheat 
will  be  substituted  for  the  Canadian  spring  wheat  which  is  shut  out 
by  the  tariff;  (2)  whether  such  substitution  is  merely  a  diversion  of 
some  of  the  domestic  surplus  which  would  normally  be  exported;  and 
(3)  whether  Kansas  City  prices  move  sufficiently  independent  of  Liv- 
erpool to  permit  the  tariff  to  affect  American  prices  regardless  of  Liv- 
erpool quotations. 

It  is  doubtless  true  that  some  portion  of  the  supply  of  spring 
wheat  cut  off  by  the  duty  will  be  replaced  by  hard  winter  wheat  which 
normally  would  go  abroad.  It  is  equally  certain  that  there  will  not 
be  a  complete  substitution  in  the  sense  that  millers  will  produce  the 
same  quantity  and  quality  of  flour  both  before  and  after  the  imposi- 
tion of  the  duty.  The  third  question — the  relation  of  Kansas  City 
and  Liverpool  prices — can  not  be  settled  with  certainty  from  the  data 
available.  Some  price  statistics  are  given,  however,  in  Tables  X,  XI, 
and  XII. 

Table  X. —  Wheat  prices  in  Liverpool  {parcels  afloat).^ 
[Current  exchange.] 


Date. 


No.  1 
northern 
Manitoba . 


No.  2  hard 
winter. 


No.  1 
northern 
spring. 


Excess  of 

No.  1 

northern 

Manitoba 

over  No.  2 

hard 

winter. 


Excess  of 

No.  1 
northern 
Manitoba 
over  No.  1 
northern 
spring. 


1921 

January' 

February  2 

March  2 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1922 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 


S2.33 
2.16 
2.15 
2.14 
2.05 
1.99 
1.90 
1.86 
1.64 
1.32 
1.28 
1. 35 


1.39 
1.69 
1.66 
1.65 
1.65 


$2.26 
2.00 
1.96 
1.80 

$2.26 
2.10 
2.09 

1.75 

1.70 

1.58 

1.51 

1.47 

1.24 

1.22 

1.33 

1.33 

1.59 

1.51 

1.41 

1.43 

'  Broomhall's  Com  Trade  News — average  of  weekly  quotations. 
'Controlled  prices;  open  market  quotations  after  March  15,  1921. 

598—22 2 


$0.07 
.16 
.19 
.34 
.30 
.29 
.32 
.35 
.17 
.OS 
.06 
.02 


.06 
.10 
.15 
.24 
.22 


$0.07 
.06 

.06 


14 


KKl'ttlJT    ON     rilK    K.Nir.lUiKNCV     IWIM  I'K    ACT. 


T.MU.K   .\  I    -W'hait  priits — Spread  between  .\o.  1   Narthtrn    Mmilloha  ami  Xo.  2  Iiard 

winter. 


li.M'lVSS  of 

Excos.s  of 

Ex  "Ofs  of 

No.  1 

! 

Kxcoss  of 

No.  1 

No.  1 

Norlhorn  • 

1 

No.  1 

Northern  2 

Norlhorii  " 

Mniiiioliii, 

Norllioni  ' 

.Vliiiiiloba, 

Mniiilobn. 

I,iv<>nio<)l. 

Maiiiloba, 

I/ivprnool, 

Kill.'. 

\\  illlli|>^•^:, 

ovi'r  No.  2 

Uuto. 

WiiiiiiiieK. 

ov«r  No.  2 

over  No.  2 

hard  will- 

oviT  N  0.  2 

hard  wiii- 

hard  win- 

tor, Liver- 

hard win- 

ler,  Liver- 

ter, ICaiiso.'^ 

pool 

Ipr,  Kaiisa.-; 

pool 

Cily. 

(ciirroiit 

(Mly. 

(current 

cxchaiiKc). 

1 

exchange). 

1»21 

1921. 

Jannarv 

-10.02 

10.07 

!  Novpmhpr 

-to.  07 

SO.  00 

.03 
.14 
.24 

.16 
.19 
.34 

-.05 

.02 

M  arch 

iy22. 

April 

Mav 

.20 
.22 

.30 
.29 

-.06 
-.01 

.06 

.10 

July 

.40 
.47 

.32 
.3.5 

.02 
.03 

.15 

Aiipii.st 

Ai)ril 

.24 

.10 

.17 

Mav 

Uctolicr 

-.02 

.08 

'  Northwestern  Miller,  monthly  average  of  daily  prices. 

>  Broomhall's  Corn  Trade  News,  monthly  average  of  wecicly  prices. 

Table  XII. — Difference  in  price  bettceen  Canadian  and  American  wheat  in  dovH'stic  and 

Liverpool  markets. 


Date. 


I92I 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 


No.  1      1 
northern   ! 
Manitoba, 
excess  of 
Liverpool 

over 
Winnipeg. 


JO.  63 
.51 
.48 
.57 
.38 
.31 
.29 
.24 
.32 


No.  2  hard 

winter, 

excess  of 

Liverpool 

over 

Kansas 

City.    , 


$0.54 
.38 
.42 
.47 
.28 
.24 
.37 
.36 
.25 


Date. 


1921— Continued. 

October 

Noveml)er 

December 


January . 
February. 

March 

April 


1922. 


No.  1 
northern 
Manitoba, 
excess  of 
Liverpool 

over 
Winnipeg. 


SO.  21 
.27 
.30 


No.  2  hard 

winter, 

excess  of 

Liverpool 

over 
Kansas 
City. 


SO.  13 
.14 
.23 


.19 
.30 
.17 
.  Of) 


The  figures  in  these  tables  show  no  direct  and  constant  relation 
between  American  and  Liverpool  prices.  Variation  in  the  difi^erentials 
not  only  of  different  wheats  but  of  the  same  wheat  in  different  markets 
seems  to  follow  no  law.  This  lack  of  consistency,  however,  is  signifi- 
cant in  that,  for  the  time  being  at  least,  the  American  wheat  market 
seems  to  move  relatively  independent  of  Liverpool.  The  w^heat  trade 
is  not  yet  flow^ing  in  its  pre-war  channels,  and  therefore  an  American 
duty  on  wheat  may  change  our  price  levels  to  a  considerable  degree 
so  long  as  Liverpool  is  not  dominating  the  American  market. 

WHEAT    FLOUR. 


The  statistics  of  imports  and  exports  of  flour  have  been  included 
with  the  statistics  on  w^heat,  but  there  are  some  problems  peculiar  to 
the  flour  trade  which  may  be  briefly  outlined. 


REPOET   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT.  15 

The  emergency  tariff  does  not  accurately  proportion  the  duties  upon 
wheat  and  wheat  flour.  With  a  duty  of  35  cents  per  bushel  upon 
wheat,  and  20  per  cent  ad  valorem  upon  flour,  the  advantage  of  snip- 
ping grain  from  Canada  in  the  form  of  flour  becomes  progressively 
greater  as  wheat  prices  decline,  for  the  price  of  flour  declines  or  rises 
in  direct  proportion  to  that  of  the  grain.  The  conversion  cost  is 
relatively  small,  and  keen  competition  in  the  flour  trade  keeps  down 
the  margin  of  profit.  The  raw  material  of  the  Ontario  miller,  for 
instance,  is  lower  in  price  than  that  of  his  competitor  across  the  border 
by  reason  of  the  35-cent  duty;  he  has  an  advantage  over  the  Minne- 
apolis mills  in  the  low  cargo  rates  upon  grain  moving  over  the  lakes, 
compared  with  the  eastern  flour  or  milling-in-transit  rates;  and  he 
has  some  advantage  in  nearness  to  the  great  eastern  markets.  Al- 
though Buffalo  mills  are  equally  well  placed  with  regard  to  the  last 
two  conditions,  the  Minneapolis  district  produces  the  great  bulk  of 
•the  spring  flours. 

Although  the  result  of  these  conditions  was  a  considerable  increase 
in  the  imports  of  flour  from  Canada,  the  effect  was  not  very  serious 
because  the  spring  flours  are  sold  under  widely  advertised  brands,  and 
also  because  the  Canadians  were  not  familiar  with  the  demands  of 
the  American  market.  Their  export  trade  has  consisted  largely  of 
"straight"  flours,  while  the  American  market  demands  "patents." 
Extremely  strong  wheats,  moreover,  do  not  produce  the  best  bread 
flours,  and  the  Canadian  has  not  so  wide  a  range  of  wheats  to  blend  as 
has  his  American  competitor.  The  latter,  moreover,  usually  obtains 
higher  prices  for  his  by-products. 

That  the  Canadian  miller  is  making  substantial  progress  in  the 
market  across  the  border  is  indicated  by  the  record  of  imports.  In 
the  calendar  year  1919  the  American  imports  of  flour  were  17,523 
barrels.  Toward  the  close  of  the  war-control  of  the  trade  the  Cana- 
dian Wheat  Board  established  offices  in  the  United  States  w'ith  a  view 
to  an  aggressive  selling  campaign.     In  1920,  therefore,  our  flour  im- 

forts  rose  to  800,788  barrels,  equivalent  to  3,603,546  bushels  of  wheat, 
n  both  years  flour  was  free  of  duty  when  from  Cauda.  In  1921, 
with  the  control  removed,  the  imports  rose  to  965,950  barrels,  equiv- 
alent to  around  4,346,776  bushels  of  wheat.  Of  this  amount  767,805 
barrels  entered  during  the  first  five  months  of  free  trade,  and  198,145 
under  the  seven  months  of  the  emergency  tariff.  In  the  first  three 
months  of  1922  the  imports  were  170,511  barrels,  and  in  April,  1922, 
the  general  imports  were  61,140  barrels. 

Another  question  of  some  importance  is  whether  or  not  the  prices 
of  flour  increased  after  the  imposition  of  the  emergency  duty  of  20 
per  cent.  Some  data  upon  this  subject  are  shown  in  Table  XIII  in 
which  there  is  a  comparison  of  flour  prices  and  spring  wheat  {)rices  in 
Minneapolis  since  September,  1920,  to  date. 


]{\  m.iMtitr  (.)N    nil.  i..mki{»;k\»'\'  tauikk   ut. 

Taiii  K   \  1 1 1.      W'liidl  mill  ilmir  -Averatfe  monthly  prices. 


Septembiftr.* 
October — 
Novomher. 
IVcember. , 


ll:it. 


1930. 


JiUHiuty . . 
Kebruiin'. 
March . .". . 

\pril 

May 

June. 


1021. 


I'lfuir 

(JXT  IW 
|><)UIllls), 

sliuidnrd ' 
patent. 


112. 3r> 
10  90 

U  I'J 
S.  79 


9.36 
9.04 
S.41 
7.79 
8.73 
8.75  I 


Wlioil, 

No.  1 

(Itirk 

norl  horn. 


13.62!  •.Iiilv. 

2  2t)  W  .\iiEiist 

1  77  '    .S'i»(i>mljer. 

1.7-'  '    octolxir.  .. 

ji  Novpmher. 


I.  SI 
1.71 
l.t)9 
1.54 
1.64 
1.60 


Jiinimry. . 
Kohruary. 

March 

April 


lO'.'l. 


1922. 


l-'loMr 

(p.T  liw  I 
pounds). 
slandBrfJ ! 

(Htlcnt. 


Wheal, 

No.  1 

(lark 
northern. 


52  ' 

H4  I 
09  I 

i« ! 

96  , 
60 


^1.74 
1.54 

1 . 5:; 
I.  It, 

I.SO 

i.:ti 


1.3.-. 
1..V. 
1.5.S 
l.f.4 


FLAXSEED. 


Article. 

Emergency  tariff 
act. 

Senate  bill. 

Act  of  191,3. 

Act  of  1909. 

Flaxseed. 

30  cents  per  bushel. 

40  cents  per  bushel. 

20  cents  per  bushel. 

25  cents  per  bushel. 

Under  the  emero;ency  tariff  the  duty  on  flaxseed  was  increasjed  from 
20  to  30  cents  per  hushel  of  56  pounds.  The  production  of  flaxseed, 
as  shown  bek)w  in  Table  1,  has  steadily  declined  from  an  average 
of  over  18.000.000  bu.shels  per  year  from  1910  to  1914  to  about 
8,000,000  bushels  in  1921.  The'  flax  plant  has  been  essentially  a 
frontier  crop,  thriving  best  on  new  land  and  moving  with  it.  The 
decrease  in  acreage  of  new  land,  the  competition  of  more  profitable 
crops,  and  the  disease  known  as  flax  wilt  have  been  the  main  factors 
responsible  for  the  decline.  The  Dakotas,  Minnesota,  and  Montana, 
produce  nearly  all  of  the  output  of  the  United  States. 

T.^BLE  I. — FlaxMed — SumiMirii  table. 


Production. 


Bvuhrls. 

1910-1914  (average) 1\  3-.2,  (i(K) 

191.7    14, 0,iO,iX)() 

1S16    14,2yf),0(Ki 

1917     !i,  104,000 

191S l.{,.W!t,(XX) 

1919 7,  2.V>,  (JOO 

1930. 10,  774,  (XX) 

1921      s,  112,000 


Imports. 


Imports, 
linseed  oil. 


Gallons. 

2  367, 749 

.535, 491 

.V),  148 

110,808 

50,827 

2, 152, 378 

4, 093, 360 

8,012,095 


Domestic 
exports. 


Bushels. 

78,  .')8(i 
4,145 
2,614 
1,017 
21, 481 
16,595 
1.5,753 
347 


1  Fiscal  vears,  1910-19IS:  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 
» .Vverage  1912-1914.    Quantity  not  shown  prior  to  1912. 

As  domestic  production  has  declined  imports  of  flaxseed  have 
increased.  For  the  period  1910-1914  this  country  produced  annually 
about  72  per  cent  of  the  flaxseed  refjuired  for  domestic  needs.  In 
1921  we  produced  only  40  per  cent  of  domestic  requirements.  Nearly 
all  of  the  crop  goes  to  the  crushers,  whose  product  is  linseed  oil  (ex- 
tensively used  in  paints,  varnishes,  watcr-proofings,  etc.)  and  oilcake, 


REPORT    ON    VH\.    KM  KhOKNC  Y    T.Ull|-F    ACT, 


IT 


a  feedstuff.  Formerly  Canada's  crop  supplemented  the  deficient 
American  supply,  but  her  contribution  is  now  insufficient  and  the 
great  bulk  of  the  imported  seed  comes  from  Argentina.  There  is,  in 
fact,  a  world  shortage  of  flaxseed,  and  the  use  of  substitutes  and 
adulterants  has  been  rapidly  increasing.  Among  these  are  perilla, 
China  wood,  tung,  rape,  and  soya  bean  oils. 

The  emergency  tariff  did  not  provide  for  a  compensatory  duty  on 
linseed  oil,  with  the  result  that  while  imports  of  flaxseed  showed  a 
marked  decline  in  1921,  imports  of  the  oil  increased  to  nearly  double  the 
volume  of  1920  imports,  and  to  nearly  four  times  the  imports  in  1919. 
The  imported  oil,  of  course,  competes  with  the  domestic  flaxseed  just 
as  the  imported  seed  does.  A  bushel  of  flaxseed  yields  on  an  average 
about  2.5  gallons  of  oil.  The  duty  on  flaxseed  under  the  emergency 
tariff  is  80  cents  per  bushel  of  56  pounds.  This  is  equivalent  to  a 
duty  of  1.6  c«nts  per  pound  (7^  pounds  per  gallon)  on  the  oil  content 
as  against  1.33  cents  per  pound  on  linseed  oil  under  the  tariff  act  of 
1913.  This  gives  a  differential  of  0.27  cent  per  pound  of  oil  in  favor 
of  the  importer  of  linseed  oil. 

Table  II. — Flaxseed — Impoils  hij  countries. 


Year.' 


)91f>-1914  (average' 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 


Tola)  imporl,'!. 


Bushels. 
7,2,58,212 
10,66fi,215 
14,679,2.33 
12,393,988 
13,366,529 
14,036,184 
24,641,190 
12,326,244 


Imported  from 


Argentina. 


Canada. 


Bushels. 

1,974,021 

3,927,542 

11,468,039 

5,009,441 

7,432,421 

12,353,932 

22.778,359 

8,S85,411 


Bushels. 
4,110,369 
6, 629, 860 
3,094,735 
7,014;  573 
5,-501,391 
1,279,132 
1,637,813 
3.094,627 


All  other  coun- 
tries. 


Btishels. 
1.173,822 
108,813 
116,4.59 
:i69.974 
432,717 
403,120 
J25,01> 
(46,  206 


'  Fiscal  years.  1910-1.91S;  calendar  years,  191»-1921. 

Table  HI. — flaxseed — Imports  by  months. 


Month. 


1920 


Bushels. 

Jaiiuarv '  2,186,287 

Febnia'rv 1,082,736 

.Vf arch '  2, 263,  .5:j3 

April 1,703,611 

-Mav I  4,2.53,319 

June I  2,312,742 

July I  1,796,954 


Bushels. 
386, 638 
341, 180 
903,070 
1 ,  09! ,  584 
1,728,398 
880,  SKi 
776,036 


Bushels. 
1.034,125 
i;  112,622 
1,048,8.51 
473, 161 


Month. 

1920 

J  021                i.e.' 

Bushels. 
1,695,  .510 
2,0(f,210 
2,202,447 
1,466.098 
1,670,713 

Bushels.      Bushels. 
1  896,  .590    

."September 

598,805    

648, 038    

,  November 

Dec-ember 

Toliil 

( 

1,576,195  ' 

1.499,127    

24,041.  1!K) 

12,326.244     3,668,7.i» 

Table  1Y. — Lirtseed  oil — Imports  by  mont/n 


.Month. 


OaUnns. 

.Taiiuarv 1.114,784 

February '    s«if.,  om 

.MariTh.." (KKi  179 

April 332  803 

May 20<i,038 

June 2.Vi,h8I 

July 346,767 


1921 

Oallotui. 

49,911 

20, 386 

3,601 

4.3,7<«t 

58, 3<.)9 

488, 868 

405,  .592 

1922 

OttlUmn. 
1.. 543, 236 
1.4(«,9.52 
3; 143, 109 
2,W.4,661 

.Month. 


Gallmis. 

.Vuffiisf ,    6.5(>,  8.'i5 

.September 45,  105 

October 129,293 

November 49,449 

Decemlier 1     103,  H.53 

Total |4,693,:W0 


1921 


Oalloim. 
6t>l,60;{ 

l,3N4..5:t8 
1,. 578, 60(1 
2,078.309 
1 , 2:18, 489 


1922 

Gatliin.s. 


8,012,095  ;  8,954,9.>'« 


l^ 


itr.i'oKT  ON    I'm:  mmkuckncv    lAinrK  m"\\ 


Fort'ujii  product'ton.  -Tlu^  principal  ('(Miiitrics  in  which  tho  fhix 
phiiit  is  i;n)\vn  for  th(»  s(»(m1  nn^  .\rij;(Mi( inn,  iii'itisli  India,  tho  United 
States,  Canada,  and  Ivussia.  Proihiction  ft^r  c>ach  of  these  count  rics 
(except  Kussia^  in  1!)'2()  follows: 

llushels. 

.\r-:.Mii  ilia 42,  0;W,  (K)0 

British  India ](>,  7(iO,  00(1 

liiiU'd  Statt-s 10,774.000 

Caruida 7,  998,  000 

The  oils  e.xpressed  from  the  Russian  and  Indian  seed  are  superior 
to  those  obtained  from  the  American  and  Arj^entine  seeds.  How- 
ever, seed  ijrown  in  C^inada  from  impoi'ted  Russian  fhixseed  yields 
an  oil  e(|ual  in  (juality  to  the  Russian  oil. 

Pricfs.  -Table \' shows  avera<^e  monthly  prices  of  llaxseed  in  Duluth. 
Minneapolis,  Winnipeg,  Buenos  Aires,  and  Hull  (England).  Table  \  1 
slu)ws  monthly  prices  received  by  American  producers  since  Januarw 
1920. 

T.^BLE  V. — Flaxseed—  (.'o III pnratire  prices  m  Duluth,    MiimeapoUs,  Winnipeq,  Bufncs 

Aires,  and  Hull. 

[S.  H  — In  PoiiipuriiiK  those  prices,  iillowance  should  be  made  for  dilTerences  in  (juality.    Argentine-  :irni 
Canadian  (lax-seed  are  (juoted  in  the  same  markets  at  higher  prices  than  American  seed.] 

[Wholesale  prices,  cash  fla.xseed.l 


October..-.. 
November. 
December. 


January . . 
Febni-ary. 

March 

April 

May 


Date. 


1921. 


Duluth.i 
No.  1 
N.  W. 

(Ameri- 
can). 


$2.85 
2.29 
2.04 


1.95 
1.80 
1.74 
1.54 
1.79 


Minne- 

Winni- 

apolis,' 
No.  1 

PCg.3 

Buenos 

No.  1 

Aires, < 

N.  W. 

N.  W. 

La  Plata 

(Ameri- 

(Cana- 

flaxseed. 

can). 

dan). 

1 

$2.83 

$2.77 

$2.15 

2.27 

2.16 

1.80 

2.06 

1.77 

1.56 

1.96 

1.78 

1.42 

1.82 

1.62 

1.31 

1.78 

1.55 

1.32 

1.58 

1.39 

1.15 

1.84 

1.54 

1.28 

Hull* 

(KUL'- 

land). 
La  Plata 
flaxseed. 


$2.86 
2. 4(15 
1.96 


1.72 

1.665 

1.535 

1.375 

1.56 


EMERGENCY  TARIFF  EFFECTIVE  MAY  28,   1921. 


June 

July 

August 

September. 
October.. . 
November. 
DecemlK'r. 


January . . 
Febniary. 
March  — 

-Vpril 

May 


$1,885 

$1.86 

$1.64 

$1.44 

$1.  75 

1.93 

1.89 

1.57 

1.63 

1.86 

2.055 

2.01 

1.82 

1.74 

1.96 

2.04 

2.03 

1.81 

1.65 

1.87 

1.83 

1.81 

1.71 

1.36 

1.52 

1.86 

1.79 

1.60 

1.35 

1.54 

1.925 

L91 

L61 

1.46 

1.76 

2.10 

2.66 

1.09 

1..53 

1.795 

2.54 

2.46 

2.16 

1.98 

2.205 

2.57 

2.57 

2.  29 

1.95 

2.145 

2.62 

2.67 

2.35 

1.91 

2.18 

2.76 

2.79 

2.46 

1  The  Northwestern  Miller. 

» Annual  reports  of  .Minneapolis  Ohaml  er  of  Commerce  and  the  D^ly  Market  Record. 

»  Winnipeg  Farmers  Advocate  and  Home  Journal. 

*  Oil,  Paint,  and  Drug  Reporter. 


REPORT    ON    THE    EMERGEXCY    TARIFF    ACT. 
Table  VI. — Flaxseed — Monthly  price  per  bushel  received  by  producers. 

1921     i     1922 


19 


Date. 


January  1 . 
February  1 
March  1 ... 
April  1 . . . . 

May  1 

Juiie  1 


1920 


W.34 
4.57 
4.73 
4.56 
4.48 
4.21 


1921 


J1.64 
1.56 
1.50 
1.43 
1.26 
1.46 


1922 


81.51 
1.73 
2.16 
2.19 
2.31 
2.37 


Date. 


July  1 

August  1 

September  1 
October  1. . . 
November  1 
December  1 . 


1920 


$3.60 
3.04 
2.90 
2.80 
2.40 
1.77 


$1.46 
1.62 
1.65 
1.63 
1.45 
1.45 


CORN. 


Article. 

Emergency^tariff           g^^^j^  ^-^ 

Act  of  1913.         !         Act  of  1909. 

Corn 

15  cents  per  bushel. 

15  cents  per  bushel. 

Free 15  cents  per  bushel. 

The  tariff  act  of  1913  placed  corn  on  the  free  list;  the  emergency 
tariff  restored  the  15-cent  duty  in  force  under  the  act  of  1909. 

The  domestic  production  normally  amounts  to  around  2,800,000,000 
bushels,  or  three  times  the  combined  production  of  all  other  countries. 
Less  than  20  per  cent  of  the  crop  is  shipped  out  of  the  producing 
counties,  the  great  bulk  of  it  being  consumed  on  the  farm.  Of  the 
total  harvest,  about  85  per  cent  is  fed  to  live  stock,  chiefly  to  hogs, 
beef,  and  dairy  cattle;  about  5  per  cent  is  used  for  human  food;  2 
per  cent  in  the  manufacture  of  industrial  products  such  as  glucose, 
starch,  grape  sugar,  and  corn  oil;  and  the  remainder  is  consumed  in 
minor  uses.  It  is  the  market  for  live  stock  and  live-stock  products, 
therefore,  that  dominates  the  price  of  corn. 

Domestic  uses  absorb  about  98  per  cent  of  the  crop,  and  only  2  per 
cent  is  ordinarily  exported  in  the  form  of  OTain.  But  an  additional 
7  to  12  per  cent  is  shipped  in  the  form  of  animal  products,  chiefly 
pork  and  lard;  therefore  the  export  market  for  these  products  in- 
fluences the  price  of  American  corn.  Exports  for  the  five  years 
1910-1914  averaged  40,000,000  bushels;  and  of  the  harvest  of  1921-22 
over  135,000,000  bushels  were  exported.  Table  I  gives  the  production 
of  the  principal  exporting  nations;  Table  II,  comparative  figures  of 
production,  imports,  and  exports;  and  Table  III  shows  the  destina- 
tion of  the  exports. 

Imports  prior  to  1913,  annually  averaged  less  than  100,000  bushels; 
they  came  largely  from  Mexico  at  border  points.  In  1913  they  were 
865,276  bushels  and  in  1914,  the  first  year  of  free  trade  in  corn,  they 
rose  to  the  record  figure  of  12,290,000  bushels.  Our  crop  of  that 
year,  however,  was  700,000,000  bushels  short  of  that  of  the  preceding 
year,  and  average  prices  of  corn  were  higher  than  at  any  time  during 
the  past  30  years.  For  the  period  1915-1920  (fiscal  years)  imports 
averaged  5,212,000  bushels.  War  conditions  necessitated  a  large 
part  of  these  shipments — the  need  of  feedstuffs  to  maintain  the  enor- 
mous increase  in  our  production  and  exports  of  meat  and  dairy  prod- 
ucts, and  the  disturbed  conditions  of  rail  transportation  incident  to 
war  priorities,  which  prevented  domestic  corn  from  reaching  sea- 
board points.  Shipments  came  in  at  New  York,  and  were  largely  used 
by  manufacturers  of  corn  products.  It  will  be  noted  from  Table  IV 
that  during  the  seven  months  preceding  the  emergency  tariff  imports 
had  nearly  ceased,  while  during  the  11  months  following  that  measure 
they  were  nominal. 


20 


i:i:i'(;iii"  <tN    nil-;   i;.Mi:i;(;i:\i  \     iakii  i    act 


\  irtuallN  all  »if  the  imports  since  i'.Xl  hnvc  coiiu*  Iroin  Arj^jontiiia. 
That  country  ships  tho  »:;rc)>t  hulk  of  (he  world's  cxjxu'ts  of  corn. 
,\r«;cntiiu'  corn  is  of  the  hard  liini  \ariety,  \vhil(»  nearly  all  of  the 
American  crop  consists  (»f  softer  dent  coin.  The  Ar«;entino  <'orn  has 
superior  shippin<;  (|ualities.  a  lart^tM-  oil  and  t^luten  content,  and  is  pre- 
ferred foi-  certain  us(>s.  That  each  class  has  somewhat  distinct  uses  is 
iutlicatcMJ  hy  the  fact  that  in  the  woi'ld  mark(>t  prices  of  the  two  vary 
1,'reatly,  accordinjx  '*'  their  respective  sup|)l\-  of  each. 

it  will  he  noted  frtun  Tahle  I  that  the  .Vrj^entine  crop  of  1921-22 
was  unusually  short,  hein<;  nearly  half  that  of  the  preeedinji;  year. 
In  eoiise(|uenee.  althouj^h  Arj;entine  corn  usually  sells  for  less  in  Liv- 
erpool than  American  corn,  durinir  the  current  year  it  is  heing  quoted 
at  around  20  cents  more  per  bushel  (.see  Tahle  VI).  Furthermore,  a 
com[)aiison  of  New  York  and  Buenos  Aires  prices  (Table  V)  shows 
that  the  two  are  now  (May.  1922)  at  approximately  the  same  level, 
i^ven  without  the  tariff,  therefoic.  it  wotdd  not  have  been  profitable 
to  pay  the  ocean  freit^ht  and  handling  charges  from  Argentina  to  New 
York  City,  where  nearly  all  of  the  imports  are  receiv(>d.  The  ocean 
freight  alone  is  around  13  cents  per  bushel. 

Finally,  so  far  as  concerns  the  effect  of  Argentine  imports,  it  will 
be  noted  that  the  American  corn  consumption  varies  according  to 
harvests,  and  that  domestic  markets  adjust  themselves  to  annual  vari- 
ations in  supply  ranging  from  100,000,000  to  700,000,000  bushels,  an 
amount  far  larger  than  the  entire  Argentine  crop. 

Table  I. — Com—I'roduction  in  leading  exporting  countries. 
[Millions  of  bushels.] 


Year. 


L'nitwl  I  Argen- 
,  Statpi?.     tina. 

I I 


1909-1913  (a  vcraRc) 2,  708  !  17.5 

1914 2,67.3  1  263 

191.5 2,99.'-.  338 

191« 1  2,.'i67  I  161 

1917 1  3,065  .'59 


Ru- 
mania. 


Year. 


i  United 
States. 


101    I  1918 i  2,50? 

103    I  1919 2,859 

86      1920 3,232 

1921 3,080 

1922 


Argon- 1     Rii- 
tina.   i  mania 


171    

240  »  137 
2.59  5  93 

»230  I 

<155    


'  Former  kingdom,  Bessarabia,  and  Biikowina. 
*  Former  kingdom  and  Bessarabia. 


'  Special  consular  report. 
*  PrcUminarv  estimate. 


Table  II. — Corn — Production,  exports,  and  imporl.s 


101(»  II. 
1911-12. 
1912-13. 
1913-14. 
1914-15. 
191.5-16. 
1916-17. 
1917-lS. 
1918^19. 
1919-20. 
1920-21. 
1921-22. 


Ycir. 


Domestic 

production 

(calendar 

years). 


I       Domestic      i     Import.sfor     \  Imports  from 

exports        '    consumption    ;      Argentina 
I  (fiscal  years).  |  (fiscal  j-oars).      (fiscal  years). 


Biuhels. 

2.HK6,2f.0.00() 
2,.5:n,4HS.()0(l 
3, 124,740,(KKI 
2,44r.,9SN.IHM) 
2,t>72..s()4.(HKl 
2.991,79:5.000 
2..V;H.927,(KXI 
3,(H).5.2:«,(K)0 
2..5()2,Pfi."),(KK) 
2,917,  4.50. 0(X) 
3.20X,.5'<4,U00 
3, 0«0, 372,000 


BmheU. 

6.5.61.5,000 
41,797,000 
.')(»,  7S(),  000 
10.72f>,000 
.V),66S.0O0 
:<9.S9fi,000 
Wi.  7.53,  (WO 
49,073,(K)0 
2:i.  021,000 
10.707,f)00 
(;6,911,fl93 
' 135, IXO,  2H4 


Bushels 
.52, 
53, 

.Sfi5, 
12,290, 
9.h94, 
•5,212, 
2.269. 
:5.197, 
3.34.5, 
10. 2M. 
'5.743, 
«91, 


Bushels. 


23, 

879, 
11,623, 
7,447. 
4,741, 
2,17f., 
2,396, 
3,001, 
9,064, 


822 
913 
513 
H71 
54K 
252 
143 
6.5X 
110 


'  General  imports,  16,s6-t  bushels  dutiable,  balance  free. 

'  Imports  for  calendar  year  1921 .    This  5,1 10  bushels  camef  rom  Argentina  aft  ertheimposition  of  the  duty. 

''  E.xporLs  for  9  months  ending  .Mar.  31,  1922. 

*  (ieiierjil  imports  for  9  months  ending  Mar.  31.  1922. 


REPORT    OX     rin-;    K.MKRGKXt'V    TAHIFl:'    ACT. 
Tablk  II I. —Corn — Exports,  by  countries. 


21 


Year.' 

Total. 

England. 

Canada. 

Sr       Germany. 

Cuba.        Denmark. 

1910 

1911 

1912 

Btisheh. 
36,802,009 
63,761,000 
40, 039, 000 
49, 065, 000 
9,381,tK)0 
48,  786,  000 
38, 217, 000 
6-1,721,000 
40, 998,  000 
11,193,000 
17,761,000 
128,97.5,000 

Bushels. 

7,677,000 
13,268,000 

,s,  3 It),  000 

11,423,(K)0 

83,000 

1 ,  696,  t)00 

3,  S07,  000 

1.5,511,000 

is,  19,5,000 

269,  000 

1,797,000 
11,121,000 

Biishels. 
6,179,000 
13,410,000 
9.  .569, 000 
\  098, 0(X) 
4,  642,  (K)0 
8,  23S,  001) 

6,  .568,  0(K) 
15,  725,  000 

7,  896,  000 
6,  .542, 000 

10,065,003 
58,  .58:},  000 

BuJihels.        Busheli. 
5, 185. 000        4,  .537, 000 
7,147,000        7,971,000 
.5,6.58.000        6.  SOI. 000 

Bushels: 
2,377,000 

2,  225,  000 
2.  IIS, 000 
2,373.000 
2,410,000 
2,267,000 
3,231,000 
2,  819,  (KX) 
1,142,000 
1,9()5,000 
1,894,000 
2,309,(X)0 

Bushels. 
2.451,(X)0 

3,0S:i(H)l) 
1 ,  546,  (X)0 

1913 

1914 

7,192,000 

374,000 

1.5,S76,000 

5,  706,  t)00 

7,921,000 

246, 000 

100,000 

424,000 

17,  843, 000 

6,  ,546,  000 

303,000 

16,000 

.5,390,000 

1915 

11,170,000 
9,  .527, 000 
7  075  (XX) 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

335,  IKK) 

1920 

1921 

1, 324, 000 
12,729,000 

173, 000 
5, 965, 000 

'  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 


Table  IV. — Com — General  imjiorts  by  months. 


Month. 


Bushels. 

January 12, 554, 813 

Februairv 1 1 .  341 ,  .596 

March ..'..... \    482, 427 

April :    110.063 

Mav 11,308,639 

June |1,. 596. 309 


1920 

1921 

Bushels. 

408, 293 
156,945 
1.39, 429 
291,465 
238, 045 

Bushels. 
8,226 
3,256 
7,  .379 
41,707 
'  .52,100 
1  17,615 

937, 204 

1922     I        Mouth. 


3,263 
27, 9.50 
26,375 
20.  425 


1914 


Bushels. 

.Tiilv !l,  764,  ,575 

2, 050, 034 

1,5.33,  .550 

1, 613, 851 

799, 754 

665, 566 




August . 
September.. 

October 

November.. 
December.. 


1921        1922 


Bushels. 

2, 343. 445 

1.300,418 

1.036,449 

608, 064 

128,600 

166,12.5 


Bushels, 
17,671 
5,366 
3,137 
472 
1,086 
6,082 


Bushels 


1  The  emergency  tariff  act  became  effective  May  28, 1921. 

Table  V. — Corn — Price  per  bushel  in  the  United  Slates  and  in  Argentina. 


Date. 

Monthly 
av.^rage, 
Chicago, 

No.  3 
yellow. 

Nearest 
first  of 
month, 
Buenos 
Aires,  fair 
average 
quality. 

Nearest 
first  of 
month. 
New  York, 
No.  2 
yellow. 

Excess,  Chi- 
cago over 
Buoios 

Ain-^. 

Excess, 

New  York 

over 

Buenos 

Aires. 

1913. 

January 

SO.  479 
.489 
.  494 

SO.  602 
.605 
.593 

Febniarv 

to.  5,58 
.  .553 

-.«().  069 
-.0.59 

so.  047 

March . ." 

.040 

April 

.  .548 

.576 

.624 

-.028 

.(Ms 

Mav 

..569 

..571 

.659 

-.  002 

.079 

June 

.607 

.605 

.688 

.002 

.  083 

Jtilv 

.  615 

.  .569 

.701 

.046 

.  132 

August 

.7.39 

.577 

.814 

.162 

.  2.37 

September 

.747 

.642 

.842 

.  105 

.  200 

October . 

.  695 
.618 

.647 
.613 

.785 
.804 

.  048 

.  138 

November 

.191 

.()65 

.611 

.824 

.  054 

.213 

1919. 

.Ian  nary 

1.43 
1.27 
1.53 
1.62 
1.74 
1.78 
1.92 
1.95 
1.  .55 
1.41 

..567 
.  555 
.450 
.512 
..544 
.  523 
.817 
1.  176 
1 .  (M)2 

.8(x; 

1.  .566 
1.495 
1.679 
1.814 
1.898 
I.  943 
2.110 
2. 140 
1.696 
1..570 

.  8()3 
.715 
1.080 
1.108 
1.196 
1.257 
1.103 
.774 
..548 
.601 

.iH)9 

February 

.  940 

March . .' 

1.229 

April 

1.302 

Mav 

1.  35t 

Juiie 

1.420 

Jiily 

1.293 

Aiieust 

.964 

September 

.694 

October 

.764 

November 

1.46 

.  773 

1.7(K) 

.  687 

.  927 

December 

1.  (7 

.719 

1.815 

.751 

1.096 

"I'l  REPORT   OX   THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF  ACT. 

T.MU.K   \'.—('orn     I'ru'f  /irr  bushel  in  the  I'nUed  SHuUs  and  in  Argentina — Continued. 


Monthly 
aveniKP,' 
ChlcaK.), 

No.  3 
yollow. 

Nearest 
first  of 
month, 
Hueiios 
Aires,  fair 
avoraKO 
quality. 

Nearest 
first  of 
nionlli, 
New  York, 
No.  2 
yellow 

Kxcess.rhi- 

ciii; )  over 

Buenos 

Aires. 

Excess, 

New  York 

over 

Buenos 

Aires. 

i9:ii 

Janiiiirv 

J1..M 
l.4(i 
1.58 

jn.  737 
.090 
.76t> 

n.nR9 
1.002 
1.791 

$0,773 
.770 
..HI  4 

JO.  9.V.' 

.  97.> 

Marrh . .' 

1.  0-J5 

April 

1.(59 

.970 

1.928 

.720 

.  9.'.s 

Mav 

2.02 

1.170 

2.  15t 

.850 

.".ISl 

June 

1.89 
1..58 
1.58 

1.109 
1.0.5S 
.  S93 

2.082 
1.765 
1.762 

.781 
.522 
.687 

.  '.17:{ 

July 

.707 

A  URllSt 

.  sr/.i 

September                   

1.31 

.919 

1..565 

.391 

.Otr, 

October 

.91 
.77 
.74 

.864 
.814 
.813 

1. 1.55 
1.0<H 
.998 

.046 
-.044 
-.073 

.L'lM 

.Vovoiiiber 

.247 

.185 

1921. 

.65 

.ra 

.61 
.  .5;) 
.60 
.62 
.60 

.860 
.841 
.919 
.836 
.617 
.662 
.622 

.940 
.828 
.898 
.775 
.844 
.868 
.812 

-.210 
-.211 
-.309 
-.276 
-.017 
-.042 
-.022 

.08(1 

KebniaiT 

-.013 

March . .' 

-.021 

AfJril 

-.001 

Mav 

.227 

June 

.206 

July 

.190 

August 

.55 

.676 

.808 

-.126 

.1.32 

September 

.53 

.686 

.771 

-.1.56 

.08.5 

.46 

..549 

.664 

-.089 

.115 

November 

.48 

.604 

.635 

-.124 

.031 

.47 

.  633 

.685 

-.163 

.  0.52 

1922. 

lauuarv 

.48 

.610 

.658 

-.130 

.048 

.55 

.690 

.685 

-.140 

-.005 

March 

.57 

.a50 

.785 

-.280 

-.065 

.58 

.730 

.  735 

-.150 

.005 

May 

.62 

.740 

.795 

-.120 

.055 

Note.— .Minus  indicates  negative. 

T.\Bi.E    VI. — Price  per  bushel  of  American  and  Argentine  corn  in  Liverpool  {parcels 

arrived  and  afloat). 


1913 

1919 

1920 

1921 

1922 

Month. 

.\mer- 
i'an 
No.  3 

mixed. 

Yello  w 

La 
Plata. 

Amer- 
ican 
No.  3 

mixed. 

Yellow 

La 
Plata. 

Amer- 

if-an 

No.  3 

mixed. 

Yellow 

La 
Plata. 

Amer- 
ican 
No.  3 

mixed. 

Yellow 

La 
Plata. 

Amer- 
ican 
No.  3 
mixed. 

Yellow 

La 
Plata. 

$0.6.50 
.6.39 
.634 
.650 
.667 
.816 
.816 
.850 
.952 
.885 
..878 
.918 

'$6.' 766' 

.689 
.685 
.681 
.646 
.631 
.646 
.681 
.657 
.,593 
.653 

$2,082 
2.082 
2.082 
1.636 
1.643 
1.623 
1.600 
1..525 

"i.'ras' 

$1,943 
1.943 
1.943 
1.6.36 
1.643 
1.623 
1.600 
1..525 
1.617 
1.6.39 
1.579 

$1,900 
1.778 
2.110 
2.039 
2.105 
2.088 
2.042 

"i'.3i7' 

.988 

$1,436 
1.309 
1.499 

"Wian' 

1.617 
1.383 
1.417 
1.361 
1.310 
1.204 
1.029 

$1.02 
.87 
.99 
.86 
.93 
.91 
.89 
.88 
.83 
.64 
.67 
.83 

$1.12 
.99 
1.14 
.89 
.89 
.95 
.89 
.91 
.83 
.66 
.71 
.88 

$0.73 
.79 
.83 
.73 

$0.82 

KeV)ruaVy 

.97 
1.05 

April 

.93 

May 

July 

Augtist 

September 

/ 


REPORT    OX    Till':    i:-MER(iKX('Y    TAPJIF    ACT. 
BEANS. 


23 


Article. 


Beans 

Green  or  unripe. 
Dried 


Emergency  tariff 
rate. 


2  cents  per  pound. 


>^enate  bill. 


i  cent  per  pound.. 
2  cents  per  pound. 


Act  of  1913. 


25  cents  per  bushel 


45  cents  per  bushel. 


Under  the  act  of  1913  the  import  duty  upon  beans  was  25  cents  per 
bushel  of  60  pounds.     The  emergency  tariff  is  2  cents  per  pound. 

It  is  only  in  dried  edible  beans  that  there  is  a  substantial  foreign 
trade.  In  other  types,  whether  harvested  as  green  or  string  beans, 
or  grown  for  forage,  food,  or  seed,  the  import  trade  is  of  no  impor- 
tance.' Table  I  gives  the  production,  imports  for  consumption,  and 
exports  of  dried  edible  beans. 

Table  I. — Dried  edible  beans — Summary  table. 


Fiscal  year. 

Production. 

Imports  for 
consump- 
tion.' 

Domestic 
exports. 2 

1910-1914  Caveragel 

1915-16 

Biishfls. 
3  11,145,000 
10,321,000 
10,715,000 
18,719,710 
20, 818, 000 
13, 349, 000 
9, 077, 000 
<  9, 118, 000 

Bushels. 
1,147,965 

390, fioO 
2,541,676 
2,467,849 
1,213,2.54 
3,042,469 
1.797,996 

134,915 

Bushels. 

i,'766,'383 

2, 164, 943 

1910-17 

1917-18 .           ... 

1  517  458 

1918-19 

4,489,078 
1  992  813 

1919-20 

1920-21 

1,215,527 

1921-22 

971  922 

'  Includes  beans  and  lentils  prior  to  Jiuie  1,  1921.    Imports  of  lentils  do  not  exceed  100,000  bushels  an- 
nually. 
■  Includes  "beans  and  dried  peas"  prior  to  1918. 
■'  Figures  of  production  for  1909  only. 
<  For  1910-1918  includes  six  States:"  1919-1922,  seven  States;  substantially  the  commercial  crop. 

Five  States — California,  Michigan,  New  York,  Colorado,  and  New 
Mexico — produce  nearly  all  of  the  domestic  commercial  supply. 
Most  of  it  consists  of  small  whites  (navy  or  pea  beans),  large  whites, 
Limas,  and  colored  beans  (chiefly  red  kidney,  pintos,  and  pinks). 
Each  of  these  varieties  has  somewhat  different  uses  and  a  somewhat 
distinct  demand,  and  in  consequence  prices  of  the  various  kinds 
fluctuate  more  or  less  independently.  In  the  years  immediately  pre- 
ceding the  World  War  annual  production  was  around  11, ()()(), 000  bush- 
els, imports  1,000,000  bushels,  and  exports  around  300,000  bushels. 
Exports  of  domestic  varieties  moved  to  North  American  markets, 
and  an  additional  150,000  to  200,000  bushels  went  to  Porto  Rico;  the 
imports,  largely  from  Europe,  consisted  mainly  of  varieties  not  gen- 
erally produced  in  the  United  States,  brought  in  for  the  foreign  popu- 
lation, and  presented  no  important  tariff  problem. 

The  World  War  changed  the  situation.  Beans  are  a  major  army 
food,  and  there  was  a  large  increase  in  the  demand.  San  Francisco 
prices  of  small  whites,  the  principal  domestic  type  and  the  one  most 
in  demand,  rose  from  around  4  cents  per  pound  in  July,  1914,  to 
between    12    and    10    cents    for    the    season    1917-18.     Under    the 


I  Kxcluding  from  consideration  soya  beans,  free  of  duty  under  the  act  of  1913  and  not  included  In  the 
emergency  larifl. 


24  KKi'our  ON    nil:  kmi-.ik.km  v    iakii  k  act. 

• 
stimulus  of  hi*;!!  pri('(»s  domestio  prodtiction  rose  from  11, 000, 000 
(101  I)  to  noarfv  'J  1.000. 000  bushels  (lOlS).  IWcauso  of  these  high 
prices  aiul  also  because  of  tii«'  sliipping  situation,  irupoi'ts  greatly 
nu-reaseil.  Thev  came  not  from  iMiropehut  from  llokUaido  (flapan). 
from  Korea.  Manchuria.  ('hih\  Bra/il.  and  Madagascar.  It  should  be 
noted,  iiowever,  tiiat  for  the  war  period  our  exports  excxu'ded  imports 
(.see  Tabh'  I).  'Vhc  record  imports.  .'i.O-l'J.  KiO  bu.shcis,  occurred  in 
the  fiscal  vear  1920.  In  aihhtion.  there  was  a  large  reexport  or 
transit  trade.  The  chief  compi'titive  tvix's  were  the  oriental  Koten- 
ashi  and  Otenashi  (snndl  and  large  wnites),  and  Kintoki,  cc^lored 
beans.  These  varieties  were  raised  largely  for  export.  From 
Madagascar  came  a  bean  similar  to  the  domestic  dried  Limjis. 

The  close  of  the  World  War  found  the  markets  ijjluttcd  and  large 
stocks  in  the  hands  of  growers.  In  consecpience.  tlu'  price  deflation 
in  b<>ans  long  jireceded  the  drop  in  other  agricultuiai  products. 
vSan  Francisco  ^^holesale  prices  of  small  whites  dropped  from  around 
12  cents  per  i)ound  in  tiie  fall  of  lOls  to  around  7  cents  throughout 
1019.  The  downward  movement  was  renewed  early  in  1920,  prices 
falling  to  less  than  4  cents  at  the  end  of  the  year,  and  to  '.i^  cents  im- 
mediat(>ly  prior  to  the  jiassage  of  the  emergency  tarifi'act.  Through- 
out this  period  growers  greatly  reduced  their  acreage. 

Since  the  enactment  of  the  emergency  tariff  prices  have  gradually 
moved  ujnvard,  reachiuir  7  cents  per  |)ound  in  June,  1922  (shippers' 
C(Uotation  f.  o.  b.  California  points i.  The  tarifi",  though  doubtless  u 
substantial  factor,  was  aj)j)arently   n(»t    the  only   cause  of  this  up- 


entiy   n(»t    the  only   cause  of   this  up-     I 
ward  movement.     Improved  conditions  were  in  part  caus(>d  by  a  re-     I 

f)ur  jjroduction  and  by  a  gradual  dis- 
posal   of   surplus   stocks.      Thus    the    domestic    crop   dropped    from 


duction  of  over  50  per  cent  in 


20.S18,0(X)  bushels  in  1918  to  13,349,(J00  in  1919,  9,077,000  in  1920, 
and  to  9,118,000  in  1921.  Exports  for  the  10  months  endhig  April 
30,  1922,  were  971,923,  compared  with  1,017,298  for  the  correspond- 
ing period  of  the  preceding  year,  and  with  4,489,078  in  the  fiscal 
year  1920.  ft  is  true  that  imports  for  the  nine  months  after  the 
enactment  of  the  emergency  tariff,  i.  e.,  July  1,  1921,  to  Marcli  31, 
1922,  were  only  134,915  bushels,  ccmipared  wnth  1,797,996  bushels 
during  the  same  period  of  the  preceding  year.  J^ut  w^hen  account  is 
taken  of  the  steady  rise  in  prices  since  June  1,  1921,  and  of  the  de- 
cline in  ocean  freights  and  handling  charges,  it  is  apparent  that  the 
net  return  to  foreign  shijjpers,  despite  the  higher  duty,  was  probably 
as  large,  or  larger,  than  during  1920  and  1921,  when  substantial  im- 
ports took  place. 

The  importation  of  foreign  beans  is  an  extremely  speculative  busi- 
ness. Foi'eign  producers  and  shippers  w^ho  had  sent  their  crop  to 
the  United  States  during  several  seasons  «)f  rapidly  falling  prices 
evidently  found  that  the  new  trade  which  had  developed  during  the 
war  was  not  a  profitable  one.  Tlie  emergency  tarifi  seems  to  have 
been  the  final  check.  Even  the  substantial  shipments  which  formerly 
went  through  American  cjiannels  for  reexport  virtually  ceased. 
Table  IV  shows  that  eiglit  months  befcu-e  the  emergenc}^  tariff  b(^- 
came  efl'ective  imports  greatly  fell  of!' — 334,709  bushels  compared 
wnth  1,513,181  the  preceding  eight  months.  And  the  fact  that  im- 
ports for  consumption  during  the  first  period  were  larger  than  gen- 
eral imports  indicates  that  foreign  beans,  finding  no  mai'ket.  had 
been  warehoused  for  a  long  period. 


IIHPORT    OX    THF.    K.MilROKXCY    TARIFF    ACT, 


25 


Table  II. — Eeans — General  imports,  by  coiintnes. 
[Includes  beans  subsequently  reexported.] 


Ye^r.' 

Total. 

France. 

Italy. 

Mexico.    1 

Japan. 

Other. 

1910-1914  (avenicf) 

Bu!>h(U. 

1, 147,965 

'J05, 647 

662,759 

3,747,993 

4,145,625 

4,972,456 

2,094,646 

274,058 

BvshfU. 

182, 275 

21,788 

8. 192 

1,435 

404 

eo,  410 

19,257 

17,256 

Bvshils. 

99,952 

33,776 

952 

433 

Bushels.    1 

155,134 

442,184  i 

57,930  i 

182,147  1 

20,470 

3,047 

28.702 

2,109 

Bushds. 

159,6.54 

335,056 

305,531 

1,651,139 

3,232,983 

3,625,965 

1,006,218 

60,924 

Bu.^hfh. 
550  9.50 

1916 

72  843 

1916 

290, 154 

1,912,839 

891  768 

1917 

1918 

1919. 

1,469 

75 

29,218 

1  281  565 

1920 

1  040  394 

]921 

164  551 

1  Fiscal  yeans,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

Table  III. — Beans — Imports  for  consumption.^ 


Period. 


First  quarter  (.Tan.  I-Mar.  31). . . 
Second  quarter  (Apr.  l-.lune30). 
Third  quarter  (July  1-Sept.  30).. 
Fourth  quarter  (Oct.  1-Dec.  31) . 
9  niontiis  ending  Mar.  31 


1920 


Busheh. 
716,786 
637, 510 
474,611 
213,364 


1921 


Bushels. 

500,653 

609,368 

39,285 

51,153 

1,188,628 


Bushels. 
44,477 


134,915 


^  The  excess  of  imports  for  consumption  during  1921-22  over  general  imports  is  probably  due  to  the 
large  stocks  in  (iovcrnmcnt  warehouses. 

Table  IV. — Beavs — Imports  by  months. 


Date. 

Imports. 

Date. 

Imports. 

Date. 

Imports. 

1920: 

Busheh. 
492, 191 
213, 340 
264,069 
139,64s 

79,942 
265.311 
219,644 
148,260  ' 
109,952 

53  308 

1920—tontintied. 

November 

December 

Bushels. 
70,371 
38,610 

36, 958 
30, 812 
52, 114 
19,430 
33,166 
11,212 
13,  .369 

1921— continued. 

Busheh. 
4,  .536 

Februarv 

September 

October 

8,810 

1921: 

January 

15, 736 

April 

November 

December 

1922: 
j         January 

24,661 

May 

February 

23, 254 

March 

July 

April 

13, 393 

May 

;         February 

33,662 

■September 

June 

March 

31.799 

.Tulv  .. 

AprO 

62, 150 

T/BLE  Y. — Beans — Shipper's  quotations  {per  bushel)/,  o.  h.  California  points. 


Date. 

Small 
white. 

Large 
white. 

Lima, 

Henderson 

Bush. 

Lima  f.  0.1] . 
Southern 
California. 

Red 
kidney. 

1920. 

Oct.  1 

Oct.  15                                                           . . 

Cents. 
5. 25-5.  .50 
4. 2.5-4.  .50 
4. 3.5^.  .50 
4.  2.5-4.  .50 
4. 2,5-4.  .50 
4.25 

3.  75 
3. 7.5-4. 00 
3.  7.5^.  00 
3.  7.5-4.  (X) 
3.  .50-4. 00 

Cents. 
5. 2.5-5. 50 
4. 2.5-4.  ,50 
4. 2,V4.  .50 
4.  .50-4. 75 
4.  .504. 75 
4.  ,50 

4.25 

4. 25 

4.25 

4. 25 

3. 7,5-4. 25 

3. 7.5-4. 25 

3. 75-3. 90 

3.  40-3. 60 

3. 30-3. 35 

3. 30-3,  ,50 

Cents. 
8.50 
7. 00-7.  75 
6.20-6.35 
6.40 
6.40 
6.00 

5. 2.5-5. 35 

5. 40-5.  .50 

.5.60 

5. 00 

5.4,5-,5.60 

.5.45 

5.30 

5. 25 

5. 00-5. 10 

4.75-4.85 

Cents. 
8. 50-9. 25 
7. 00-7.  25 
6.  .50-6. 75 
6.  ,50-6. 75 
a.  ,50-6.  75 
6. 50 

5. 60-5. 75 

,5.60-.5.75 

6.00 

5.90-6.00 

5. 8.5-5. 90 

5. 85 

.5.80 

5. 65 

5.  .50 

5.40 

Cents. 
11.2.5-11.50 
11. 2.5-11. .50 

Nov.  1                                              

10.  .50 

Nov.  15                                              

10.  .50 

Dec.  1 

10.  50 

Deo.  15.                                            

10.  .50 

1921. 
Jan. 3                                                 

8..5»9.00 

Jan.  15 

Feb.  1 

Feb.  15 

Mar.  1                                                       ...   . 

8.  .50-9. 00 
H.  ,50- 9. 00 
8.  .50- 9. 00 
8.  .50  9.00 

Mar.  15 

3.  .50-3. 60 
3.  .50-3. 65 
3.  40-:!.  .50 

H.OO 

Apr.  1 

Apr  15 

7.7.5  8.  .50 
8.00-8.. 50 

Mt!y2 

May  16 -. 

3. 30-3.  45 
3. 40-3.  .50 

8. 25- 8.  .50 
8.50-8.75 

20  UEPOHT  ON    nil.   i.Mi:ut;r..\(\    rAi;ii'F  WT. 

Tablr  V. — Beam — Shipper's  (juotatious  ( per  bushel)/,  o.  b.  California  points — Contd. 


naif. 

.^iinall 
white. 

1  arpe 
white. 

I.iiim, 

Henderson 

Hush. 

Cfnlt. 
4. 7.5-1. 85 
4.7.5-4.85 
4.7.5-4.85 
4.  25-t.  .50 
4.00-4.25 
4.  25-4.  .50 
4.2.V4.40 

4.  KO-,5.  00 

,5.00 

5.  00-5.  25 
5.  25-,5.  40 

,5.60 
6.  ,55 
6.50 

6.50 
6.  25 
6.40 
7.25 
8.25 
8.50 
9.25 
9.25 
9.25 
9.50 
9.25 

I.iniaf.  o.l>. 
.Southern 
Caliromia. 

Fe<l 
kidney. 

1921— Oontinuod. 
Jnnp  1 

CrrUt. 
3.  25-3. 60 
3.  25-;i.  (U) 
3.  2>-3. 60 
3.  75-t.  00 

3.  7,5-;i.  80 
4.00-4.25 

4.  40-4. 6.5 
4.  40-4. 65 
4.  .50-4. 75 
4.  .50-4. 75 
4.  .50-4. 75 

4.90 

4. 60-4. 90 

4.75 

4. 75 
4.75 
.5.20 
.5.20 
.5.  75 
5.80 
6.  .50 
6.50 
6.50 
6.50 
7.00 

Crnt.". 
3. 25-3. 60 
3.  25-3. 60 
3.  60-:l.  SO 

3.  90-t.  00 

4.  25-4.  40 
4.  25-4.  .50 

4.  7.5-.5.  00 

5.  00-.5.  25 
4.  SO-,5.  00 
4.  7,5-4.  90 
4.  85-.5. 00 

,5.  15 
.5.  05 
5.00 

,5.00 
5.00 
5.25 
5.25 
5.65 
5.85 
6.35 
6.35 
6.35 
6.  .50 
7.25 

Centn. 

.5.  ,50-5. 60 

5.  ,50-5. 60 

5.  40-5. 65 

.5.40-.5.65 

5.  (K)-,5. 25 

5.  25-5.  .50 

5.  25-5. 6) 

5.  80-6. 00 

.5. 65 

.5. 65 

.5. 7.5-5. 90 

6.00 

6.  ,50 

6.  25 

6. 00-6.  25 
6. 00-6.  25 
6. 00-6.  25 
6. 00-6. 25 

Cmlt. 
9. 00-9.  .50 

Jniir  1,5 

Jiilv  1 

Julv  15 

.\UR   1 

AUR.  15 

9. 00-9.  ,50 

9. 00-9.  ,50 

9.  00-9.  .50 

10.  00-10.  25 

10  00-10  25 

Sept.  1 

K  00-H.  .50 

Sept.  15 

8.  00-H.  .50 

Oct .  1 

7.  ,50  7,  75 

Oct.  15. 

7  40  7  ,50 

Nov.  1 

7. 00-7.  15 

Nov.  15.   . 

6  85 

Pec.  1 

6.65 

Dec.  15       .   ... 

6  60 

1922. 
Jan. 3 

6.40 

Jan.  15 

Feb.  1 

6.40 
6.40 

6.20 

Mar.  1 

7.  ,50 

8.  OO 

Apr.  1.5 

9.  10 

8.  .50 

Mav  1 

8.50 

8.00 

June  1 

a25. 

PEANUTS. 


Article. 


Emergencj-  tariff 
'rate. 


Senate  bill. 


Act  of  1913 


Act  of  1909. 


Peanuts I  3  cents  per  pound. 

Unshelled |  cent  per  pound. .    |  cent  per  pound..'  J  cent  per  pound. 

Shelled 1 U  cents  per  pound.'  |  cent  per  pound ..  ^  1  cent  per  pound. 

I !         , I    , 

Table  I. — Peanuts — Summary  table. 


Year.i 

Production. 

Imports, 

Exports. 

Not  shelled. 

Shelled. 

1910-1914  (average) 

1915. 

Pounds. 
*44f.,,5n4,000 

Pounds. 
14,228,2.58 
14,  .540, 9,82 
9, 020, 848 
7,806,012 
3,1,50,747 
5,667,354 
8,703,119 
4,523,841 

Pounds.  . 
12, 168,  (i82 
9,f,4.3,691 
19,392,832 
27,180,748 
73, 2 -,2, 215 
24,179,(587 
110,810,31(1 
35,640,121 

Pounds. 
6,241,741 
5  875,076 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

79i,97i,666 
1, 207,  fi  1.5, 000 
1,0.58,230,000 
783, 273, 000 
841,474,000 
816,465,000 

8,669,430 
22,413,297 
12,488,209 
19,778,490 

9,366,4.34 
14,492,6.52 

1920 

1921 

»  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

s  Production  for  1909.  1909-1918,  bushels  converted  to  pounds  at  the  average  rate  of  23  pounds  per  bushri 
Production  is  for  calendar  years. 

The  production  of,  and  trade  in,  peanuts  are  summarized  in  Table  I. 
Production  in  recent  years  has  greatly  increased  as  compared  with 
the  average  for  the  period  1910-1914/  In  1917  and  1918  the  crop 
passed  the  billion  pound  mark,  largely  because  of  the  war  demand  for 
vegetable  oils,  in  which  peanut  oil  shared.  There  has  also  been  an 
increased  and  more  diversified  consumption  of  peanuts  in  confections 


REPORT    ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


27 


and  foodstuffs  which  has  absorbed  the  continued  large  production  in 
1920  and  1921.  Imports  of  unshelled  nuts  dechned  in  the  period 
1910  to  1921,  while  the  more  important  trade  in  shelled  peanuts 
largely  increased.  Exports,  whicli  had  reached  considerable  pro- 
portions in  the  years  1917-1919,  fell  off  in  1920. 

Production. — In  many  sections  of  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
States  the  peanut  is  an  important  money  crop,  second  only  to  cotton 
and  corn.  However,  even  in  the  States  of  heaviest  production — 
Alabama,  Georgia,  North  Carolina,  Texas,  and  Virgina — the  value  of 
the  peanut  crop  is  relatively  small  compared  w^ith  the  total  value  of 
all  crops.  (See  Table  Ha).  Peanuts  have  been  found  a  profitable 
substitute  for  cotton  in  regions  affected  by  the  boll  weevil.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  area  harvested  for  nuts,  1,212,000  acres  in  1921,  about 
as  much  more  is  "hogged  off,  "  chiefly  in  the  Gulf  States.  The  tariff 
significance  of  this  fact  is  that  a  considerable  additional  supply  is 
available  when  the  price  of  peanuts  is  high  enough  in  relation  to 
their  value  for  feed.  In  the  South,  however,  there  is  a  shortage  of 
hay  and  forage  crops,  which  is  met  in  part  b}'  peanut  forage. 

Table  IIa. — Peanuts — Production  in  1909  and  1919  and  relative  importance  of  the  crop 

in  1919.^ 


Production  of 
peanuts. 

Percentage  of  total'  of  all 
crops  in  1919  made  up  by- 

state. 

1919 

1909 

Peanuts. 

Cotton 

and  cotton 

seed. 

Corn. 

Bushels. 
6,288,594 
5, 865, 127 
5, 854, 689 
3, 838, 505 
2,731,632 
27,449,930 

Bushels. 
1,573,796 
4,284,340 
5,980,919  ' 
2,569,787 
1,074,998 
19,415,816 

4.3 
4.5 

2.7 
1.8 
.6 

.50.1 
1.8 
35. 4 
66.0 
.55.6 

26.6 

26.6 

North  Carolina 

18.  S 

16.6 

Texas 

13.6 

>  Compiled  from  summary  and  State  bulletins  on  agriculture,  U.  S.  Census,  1920. 

Table  IIb. — Peanuts — Acreage  and  yield,  1919-1921.^ 


State. 

Acreage 
(000  omitted). 

v:„i  J ,  „„,„                     Production 

Yield  per  acre.               (OOO  omitted). 

1921 

1920 

1919 

1921 

1920 

1919        1921 

1920 

1919 

Acres. 

149 

141 
38 

202 

80 

9 

330 
19 
18 

195 
15 
16 

Acres 

133 

126 

31 

224 

90 

6 

334 

17 

18 

174 

12 

16 

Acres. 

133 

126 
15 

202 

77 

8 

334 
18 
18 

165 
14 
22 

Lbs. 
732 
919 
875 
660 
675 
943 
550 
650 
487 
635 
720 
720 

Lbs. 
830 

1,011 
950 
718 
625 
851 
550 
600 
600 
720 
840 
750 

Lbs.       Lbs. 
1,058  1109.068 

Lbs. 
110,390 
127. 3S6 

Lbs. 
140,714 

1,124 
900 
574 
750 
759 
450 
625 
550 

129,  .579 

141,624 

South  Carolina 

33,250      29,4.'',0 
133,320  'l(iO,Ki2 
54,(H)0     .56, 2.^.0 
8,487       5,1011 
181,500  1 183, 700 
12,350  \  10,200 
8.766  '  lO.MKt 

13,500 

Georgia 

Florida 

Tennessee 

115,948 

57, 7.50 

6,072 

1.50,300 

11,250 

9,900 

Texas 

675  '123,82.'.  ;i2.^,2S() 
690  :  10,800     10,  (ISO 
690  :  11,520     12.  OU) 

111,375 

Oklahoma 

9, 660 

15,180 

1 

United  States 

1,212 

1,181    1-1.S2 

»673.7 

»712.5 

'691.9  1816.465 

841,474 

783,273 

' 

^____ 

'  Monthly  Crop  Reporter,  December,  1921. 


» Average  per  acre. 


llN  UKPOKT    ON     1MII-:    i:.M  KIJCl'.NCV     lAItll'l"    ATT. 

T.Mii  K    llf.  '  I'tdinits      Fdiiii  rahif  in  n'lntinn  la  prirf,  in  1919-19it . 


Stillr. 

I' 

1V2I 

rl.'i'  D.T. 

I. 
lUlU 

Tolrtl  farm  valiio,  Inisis 
!)(v.      I      price     (000 
omUtcd). 

1921 

1920 

1919 

$1,5,479 

14, 162 

1,4,S5 

11,595 

4,909 

607 

12,024 

900 

.S91    1 

8,910 

918 

1,214 

\  irKiiiiii  . 

Nonh  I'ftruiiii  I                         

CtlU» 
Itrr  lb. 
5.  .s 
5. 6 
4.0 
2.5 
3.2 
5.0 
2.x 
6.0 
6.0 
3.4 
7.0 
.5.0 

Ci  iih 
/iir  lb. 
5.  5 
.5.6 
S  0 
.'..0 
11.0 
7.0 
3.5 
7.0 
5. 5 
6.0 
7.0 
8.0 

Cnitu 
Iter  lb. 
11.0 
10.0 
11.0 
10.0 
8.5 
10.0 
8.0 
8.0 
9.0 
,S.O 
9.6 
8.0 

'     1 

1 

$6,236     $0,071 

7,2.50       7.134 

1,330  1     2,356 

3,333  1     S,042 

1.728  1     3,375 

424           357 

.5,0.S2       6,430 

741           714 

526  1         .594 

4,210  [     7,517 

7.56  1        7ai 

576           £60 

.Soiilli  Ciiniliiiii                      „.... 

Kl  ( iri  J 11. . . . 

rrllllfxMf » 

\lal»;iinii. .        

I.otiisiikiia 

T.'\;l.v 

okliihoina 

Vrkiiiisrts . ..'. 

United  States 

4.0 

.5.3 

9.3 

32,28K     44.2,56  1    73.094 

Whilt"  sonic  dozon  varieties  of  peanuts  are  grown  in  the  United 
vStates.  thev  may  be  grouped  in  two  general  classes — the  Spanish  or 
oil  type  and  the  \'irginia  or  confectionery  type.  The  Spanish  pea- 
nut is  a  smaller  nut  than  the  \'irginia  and  contains  when  shelled 
about  ."^O  j)cr  cent  of  oil.  The  two  types  ha\'e  fairly  distinctive  uses. 
The  Spanisii  type  is  used  largely  in  peanut  brittle,  for  salted  pea- 
nuts, in  peanut  butter,  and  is  crushed  lor  oil.  The  larger  and  higher 
priced  \  irginia  types  are  mostly  sold  in  the  shell  as  roasted  peanuts 
and  arc  also  shelled  and  sold  as  blanched  peanuts  and  in  candy,  espe- 
cially in  chocolate-coated  candy.  It  is  said  that  the  })est  peanut 
butter  is  made  by  blending  the  two  varieties.  Only  the  culls  of  the 
\'Li-ginia  type  are  crushed  for  oil  because  of  their  higher  price  and 
the  fact  that  their  oil  content  (shelled)  is  only  about  42  per  cent. 

The  great  bulk  of  the  imported  oriental  ])eanuts  has  oeen  of  the 
\'irginia  type.  These  have  come  in  mostly  on  the  Pacific  coast,  far 
distant  from  the  domestic  source  of  supply,  to  satisfy  the  demand 
for  roasting  peanuts,  blanched  ])eanuts,  and  for  confectionery  and 
])eanut-buttcr  manufacture. 

Table  IIIa. — Peanuts,  not  shelled — Imports  by  countries 


Total. 


Spain. 


Japan. 


founds.   I    Pounds. 


Pounrls.        Pounds 


Dutch 

East 
Indies. 


I»l;j-iyi4  (averaRp)=.  14,228,258  2,631,459  9,172,190 

1915 14,540,9H2  2,  696,  .567  7,640,.58.5 

1»16 * 9,020,  H4S  1,40.5,.J10  6,  71X,  948    . 

1917 7,  XOti,  01 2  6<i7.  525  6,  .59J,  .54.i  i . 

1918 .3,1.50,747  102,865  2,514,1K5 

1919 .5,667,3.54  2KJ,  895  4,082,8.51  ' 

I92*» 8,70J,119  .V),8.58  .     .5,688,922 

1921  j  4,523,8411  103,840  1    2,129,413 


China. 


Pounds. 
351, 180 


144,102 

672,367       1,94.5;  942 

I         833. 847 

191,2.39 
210,812 
.597, 507 
398,  238 
1,560,230 


77,  .395 

111.946 

359, 776 

389 


Hongkong. 


Pounds. 
672, 191 
538, 784 
8,873 
195,946 
113,042 
276,800 

1,960,364 
167,667 


AU 
other. 


Pounds. 

1,2.57,1.36 

1,046,737 

33, 870 

157, 7.59 

72, 420 

314,3.55 

244. 961 

562,302 


'  Fiscil  yeirs.  1912-1918;  (calendar  years .  1919-1921. 

'  Prior  to  1912,  imports  of  shelled  and  unshelled  peanuts  were  not  separately  reported. 


REPORT    ON    THE    EMERGENCY   TARIFF    ACT. 
Table  IIIb. — Peanuts,  shelled — Imports  by  countries. 


29 


1912-1914(average) 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

,1919 

1920 

1921 


Total. 


Pounds 
12,168,682 
9, 643, 691 
19, 392, 832 
27, 180, 748 
73, 262, 215 
24, 179, 687 
110, 810, 316 
35, 640, 121 


Spain. 


Pounds 

2,906,172 

167, 977 

5,280 

36,960 


88, 069 
27,500 


France. 


Pounds. 

2, 928, 548 

397, 339 


Japan. 


Pounds. 
649,584 
1, 878, 67.^. 
11,992,113 
8, 580|  15, 102,833 

'54, 394, 163 

115,881,119 

500  83,352,519 
'31,244,193 


Dutch 

East 
Indies. 


Hong- 
kong. 


Pounds.  Pounds.    Pounds 

1,637,514!  1,499,6011,071,088 

1,595,059;  3,9.58,412     900,623 

3,842,292  1,664,583 

11,474!  5,7.57,958  6,201,7.55 

708,1371  9,219,420  7,910,520 

769,644  2,856,638:1,491,918 

5, 171, 884111, 4.57, 713;5, 862, 190 

216  3,996,6031      35,865 


Brit- 
ish 
India. 


Pounds 


58, 710 


785, 120 


AH 

other. 


Pounds. 

1, 476, 175 

686, 896 

1, 888, 564 

61, 188 

43, 755 

3, 180, 368 

4, 877, 441 

335, 744 


1  Fiscal  years,  1912-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

Trade  in  peamits  prior  to  the  emergencij  tariff. — In  recent  years  the 
growing  demand  for  peanuts  and  the  rising  prices  caused  a  Lirge 
increase  in  both  production  and  imports.  In  the  period  1916-1920, 
imports  of  shelled  peanuts  averaged  annually  47,000,000  pounds 
compared  with  7,000,000  pounds  in  the  five-year  period  ending  June 
30,  1913.  On  the  other  hand,  imports  of  peanuts  in  the  shell  declined 
and  in  recent  years  have  been  only  of  minor  importance.  Before  the 
war  Spain  and  France  were  important  sources  of  imports,  but  during 
the  last  few  years  most  of  the  imports  have  come  from  the  Orient. 

In  the  crop  year  1919-20,  domestic  production  amounted  to  783,- 
000,000  pounds  as  compared  with  an  average  of  1,019.000,000 
pounds  for  the  previous  three  years.  Under  these  conditions,  in  the 
calendar  year  1920,  the  year  just  prior  to  the  passage  of  the  emer- 
gency tariff,  imports  of  shelled  peanuts  reached  the  unprecedented 
figure  of  110,800,000  pounds,  nearly  all  of  which  was  received  during 
the  first  six  months  of  the  year.  Of  the  1920  imports,  76  per  cent 
came  from  Japan  (mostly  reexports  from  China),  10  per  cent  di- 
rectly from  China,  and  5  per  cent  each  from  the  Dutch  East  Indies 
and  Hongkong.  The  great  bulk  of  the  imports  came  in  at  the  west 
coast;  the  combined  receipts  in  Washington  and  San  Francisco  in 
1920  amounted  to  76  per  cent  of  the  total  imports.  While  there  is 
considerable  land  in  California  suitable  for  growing  peanuts,  it  can 
be  used  more  advantageously  for  other  crops,  and  consequently  the 
Pacific  Coast  States  are  the  largest  market  for  imports. 

Character  and  uses  of  imported  nuts. — During  the  war  while  there 
was  an  extraordinary  demand  for  vegetable  oils  of  all  sorts,  consider- 
able amounts  of  peanuts  were  imported  for  crushing.  But  in  the  cal- 
endar year  1920  only  a  small  proportion  was  for  that  use.  The  10 
per  cent  of  the  total  imports  going  to  Galveston  were  probably  crushed 
in  Texas  cottonseed-oil  mills  and  constituted  practically  all  of  the 
imported  nuts  so  used.  The  bulk  of  the  imports  of  shelled  peanuts 
which  came  in  at  the  west  coast  was  otherwise  consumed.  Census 
returns  show  that  only  a  negligible  quantity  of  peanut  oil  was  manu- 
factured in  the  Pacific  States  in  1920.  The  oriental  peaiuits,  except 
those  coming  from  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  are  of  the  Virginia  type, 
and  a  large  proportion  of  the  imports  of  shelled  nuts  are  of  large 
sizes,  28  to  32  to  the  ounce,  which  arc  in  especial  demand  for  the  trade 
in  blanched  peanuts  and  for  candy.  In  the  1920-21  domestic  crop 
there  was  a  scarcity  of  these  large-sized  nuts,  and  consequently  an 

598—22 3 


30 


i;i;iMiti'  (tN    iMii:  i;m  i.i;(;i:n('V    iaijii    act. 


almonnal  tliMuaiul  aro^c  for  tlu'  lur^e-sizcd  (tiicntal  nuts  to  supj)lo- 
nuMit  tlu>  (loint»stir  supply,  '''his  had  a  cousidcrahlc  inlluonce  in  the 
continuanci'  of  heavy  imports  tlirou;^hout  the  fiscal  year  1921.  The 
sniallrr  si/od  itn|)ort('d  shi'llcil  luits  aic  used  as  salted  peanuts  and  in 
the  manufacture  of  peanut  butter.  It  has  heen  found  on  the  west 
const  that  the  most  satisfactory  j)(MUUit  i)utt('r  is  made  bv  blendinjj; 
the  oriental  nuts  of  the  \'irj;inia  type  with  tiie  domestic  S|)anish  oil 
nuts,  and  this  practice  lias  developi'd  a  demand  for  the  domestic  nuts 
in  the  Far  \V«'-<t. 

Tahi.k  IV.-    J'laiiula     K.i /lorts  hi/  coiDtlrics. 


Ye>ar.« 


1910-19U  ^averagc•^. 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 


Total. 


(>,24l,741 
.■).  H7.'i.  07ti 
S.  669,430 
22.413,297 
12.  4SS,  2()9 
19,778,490 
9, 366, 4.34 
14,492.6.")2 


Canada. 


Pnnnd.i. 
4, 8.30.  .")S(". 
4.499,  41S 
7,  iV.*,  040 
12,4:)9,970 
10,  <K)7,  S16 
7.667,.'i27 
7, 2S3,  ,'V59 
12, 215, 708 


British 
Ouiana. 


Ptmnix. 
324, 184 
179,463 
384, 18,5 
.■)94, 504 
179,226 
243,358 
•251,101 
226,775 


England. 


Cuba. 


Pnundn.    ' 

192,806  : 

224,870 

40,917  : 

6,998,7,57  | 

30;i,979 

8,929,493  1 

63,928 

324,831  i 


Pnundx. 
66,634 
.54.693 
151,677 
3.59, 376 
.524,929 
747,593 
1,123,946 
883,339 


All  other 


Pound.i. 
827,  .5:5 1 
916,632 
8.33,611 

2,000,690 
572, 259 

2, 190, 519 
642.900 
841,999 


>  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

Domestic  exports  of  peanuts  hy  countries. — In  the  period  1910-1914, 
exports  averaged  6,242,000  pounds.  Since  tlicn  they  have  ranged 
from  5,875.000  pountls  to  22.413.000  pounds  annually.  They  have 
gone  mostly  to  Canada.  In  the  3-ear  ending  March  31,  1921,  87  per 
cent  of  the  Canadian  imports  of  unshelled  peanuts  and  53  per  cent 
of  the  .shelled  nuts  came  from  the  United  States.  It  has  been 
possible  for  domestic  producers  to  maintain  exports  to  Canada  in 
the  face  of  oriental  competition  largely  because  of  the  advantage  in 
freights  from  the  Southern  States  to  eastern  Canada,  which  is  the 
principal  center  of  consumption. 

Table  Va. — Peanuts,  shelled — General  imports  by  )no}iths. 


Month. 


Inly 

Aiiinist 

SopiPinber 
f)ctoljer. . . 
November. 
Dwrmber. 
Januar.v. .. 
Fetinjan'. . 
Xfarrli .."... 

AjiriJ 

-May 

Jiiric 


1919-20 


Pounds . 

4,014,027 

5,  .509, 004 

4,146,3.31 

2.313,786 

757, 075 

2X3,916 

s,  324,  .542 

16,276,079 

26,361,065 

27,042,490 

18,38.5,786 

6,930,324 


1920-21 


Pounds. 

1, 8,59, 085 

4,825,263 

130. 720 

6.52, 8.5.5 

21,327 

780 

1,230,145 

2, 4(«,  065 

4,386,220 

15, 177, 797 

•10,257,514 

U,  683, 263 


Pounds 

361. 

.55, 

10, 

4. 

14, 

.55, 

1,062, 

2, 112, 

1,050, 

1.078, 


76(1 
437 
707 
468 
069 
667 
154 
24(1 
74.5 
89.5- 


'  The  emergency  tariff  became  effective  May  28, 1921. 


];ei'()RT  on  thk  kaikkgkxcv  tariit  act. 

Table  Vb. — Teanuts,  not  shelled — General  imports  by  iiionlhu. 


31 


Month. 


July 

Aujriist 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. , 
January... 
Februarj-. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 


1919-20 


Poundx. 

1,310,971 

7«0, SSS 

4S7, 726 

900,380 

708.602 

.553, 781 

158,  !v44 

760, 7S1 

1,062,1.53 

2,794,879 

1,094,887 

1,468,136 


1920-21 


Pounds. 

797,933 

260,  .561 

165, 599 

32,610 

27,010 

79,726 

3.54,951 

S4;  656 

361,916 

818,783 

11,582,460 

1794.991 


1  The  emergency  tariff  act  became  effective  May  28, 1921. 

Trade  in  peanuts  after  tlie  passage  of  the  einergency  tariff  act. — In 
April  and  May,  1921,  just  prior  to  the  passage  of  the  emergency 
tariff  act,  several  shiploads  of  peanuts  were  rushed  in  at  the  lower 
rate  of  duty.  Imports  amounted  to  15,000,000  pounds  in  April  and 
10,000,000  pounds  in  May.  Thereafter  there  was  a  considerable 
falling  off  in  receipts  of  shelled  peanuts  as  compared  with  those 
during  the  same  months  of  the  previous  year.  During  the  10 
months  ending  March,  1922,  during  which  the  3-cent  rate  was  in 
force,  imports  of  shelled  peanuts  were  6,410,000  pounds,  valued  at 
•1296,000,  as  compared  with  22,440,000  pounds,  valued  at  SI, 626,000, 
during  the  same  period  in  the  previous  year.  According  to  trade 
reports  the  imports  of  large-sized  nuts  continued,  the  reduction  being 
largely  in  the  smaller-sized  nuts.  The  3-cent  duty  apparently  had 
little  effect  upon  the  less  important  trade  in  nuts  in  the  shell.  Dur- 
ing the  10  months  ending  March,  1922,  3,204,000  pounds  came  in,  as 
against  3,633,000  pounds  in  the  previous  year.  Most  of  these  were 
used  to  supply  the  demand  on  the  Pacific  coast  for  roasted  peanuts 
and  apparently  the  duty  of  3  cents  was  not  high  enough  to  lessen  the 
specialized  demand  for  these  nuts. 

DECLINE    IN    DOMESTIC    PRICES. 

T.VBLE  VI. — Peanuts — Average/,  o.  b.  market  price  per  pound  of  Virginia  and  Spanish 
types,  November,  1919,  to  April,  1922.'^ 


Date. 

Virginia  and  North  Carolina . 

Southeast 
Spanish 

No.  1 
(shelled). 

Southwest 

Jumbo 
(unshelled) 

Fancy 
(unshelled). 

Extra 

large 

(shelled). 

No.  1 
Virginia 
(shelled). 

Spanish 

No.  1 
(shelled ). 

November. 

1919. 
1920. 

Ccnlx. 
15 
14? 

1.5i 
14j 
14 
133 

ants. 

113 

Hi 

121 
Hi 
11 
lOJ 

Ccniii. 
17J 
l"i 

17 
lOJ 

161 
1.5i 

Cents. 
I4J 

m 

131 
1.5  J 
14) 
14* 

CV  nts. 
16? 
16.i 

17 
18 

iej" 

111 

13 

Cents. 

December.. 

17i 
17 

February     . .   .          

■  m 

18i 

lilarch 

April 

.May.... 

174 

.July 



1 

m 

' 

91 

November i 

13  ,          n 

12J    :                          6J 

12J 
121 

7J 
6i 

'4 

December. . 

1 

^Compiled  from  reports  of  the  Bureau  of  .Markets  and  (^rop  Kstimatcs,  I'nited  Stales  Departiueiit  of 
Agriculture. 


82 


HKroitr  ON    rill':  i:.\iKi{(ii:xcv    iauiii'  act 


Tabik  VI.  -/V«i;i'/fj»   -Airraf/f  f.  a.  b.  murLrl  price  per  pound  «/  \'irgini(i  (iikI  S})(tnitth 
Ijtpis,  A'oirHi/irr,  n>l'.>,  to  April,  1922 — Contimii'd. 


Jnimnry 

Kchniarv 

March..: 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Aiifrti-ii 

ScptoinU'r 

()cl(>l»or 

N'ovomlx'r 

D(X>eiiil>cr 

1022 

J.'tiuiary 

Fobniiiry 

March..! 

AR'il 


\ 

rKiiiut  ikiitl  N 

ortli  Ciiroliiia. 

Southeast 
Spitriish 

SJo.  I 
(.shPllod). 

Jumbo 
(unshollcdV 

Fancy 

(UI)Kholl(Hl). 

Cents. 

Extra 

lafRO 

(shelled). 

Centn. 

No.  1 
Virginia 
(sboTled). 

Crnts. 

Cc  111.1. 

lOJ 

ft 

12 

* 

5J 

6J 

111 

12 
12 

r 

It 

loi 

12 

45 

^ 

lOJ 
12 

;i 

12i 
12; 

12 
11 

ii 

i;f 

h 

!l 

11 

12 

lit 

■'I 

lU 

((< 

IH 

71 

fi-l 

11 

7J 

'Jl 

4 

7i 

n 

8« 

-I 

■'>! 

n 

H 

^ 

5J 

Si 

i 

^ 

8i 
8i! 

i 

Southwest 

Spiinish 

No.  1 
(shellpil). 


Cents. 


( )f  ij:i<';vtor  iiiiportanco  than  the  import  duty,  in  restricting  imports, 
WHS  tho  progR'ssivo  tloclino  in  tlie  price  of  domestic  peanuts  in  1921- 
22.  The  price  of  extra  large  Virginia  shelled  nuts  declined  from 
about  17  cents  per  pound  in  January,  1920,  to  8^  cents  in  March, 
1922.  Of  special  importance  is  the  iact  that  the  premium  on  extra 
large  shelled  nuts  which  amounted  to  nearly  S  cents  In  the  spring 
of  1921  on  account  of  the  shortage  of  large  nuts  in  the  1920  crop,  was 
cut  down  to  3  cents  in  the  spring  of  1922.  The  proportion  of  larger 
nuts  was  greater  in  the  1921  crop  so  that  the  special  demand  for  large 
oriental  nuts  which  had  stimulated  imports  in  1920  was  largely 
eliminated.  There  was  a  corresponding  decline  in  the  prices  of 
Virginia  Jumbo  and  Spanish  shelled  peanuts.  These  price  declines 
had  a  largo  part  in  causing  the  decrease  in  imports  in  1921. 

The  persistence  of  imports  to  supply  the  demand  on  the  Pacific 
coast  is  explained  in  part  by  a  comparison  of  freight  rates  from 
China  and  Japan  to  Seattle  and  San  Francisco  with  rates  from 
Norfolk  and  Sulfolk,  the  principal  peanut  marketing  center  in  the 
United  States.  This  advantage  of  the  Orient  amounts  to  something 
less  than  a  cent  per  pound.  The  comparison  given  in  Table  VII  shows 
how  the  oriental  products  are  favored  by  the  cheapness  of  the  ocean 
rates  as  compared  with  rates  from  Suffolk  to  the  West  coast.  Un- 
shelled  peanuts  could  be  shipped  from  Kobe,  Japan  or  from  Shanghai, 
China  for  47 ^  cents  per  hundred  pounds  while  the  rail  and  water 
rate  from  Suffolk  was  SI  .24^.  The  differential  infavorof  the  imported 
shelled  peanuts  was  even  more  marked — 32^  cents  per  hundred 
pounds  fi-om  the  Orient  as  against  $1.25^  from  Suffolk.  On  the  other 
nand,  it  is  noteworthy  that  in  the  principal  consuming  centers  east 
of  the  Rockies,  domestic  producers  have  a  great  advantage  in  freight 
rates.  The  rate  from  the  Orient  to  Chicago,  for  example,  is  some- 
thing less  than  SI. 50  per  hundred  pounds  as  compared  with  70  cents 
from  Norfolk.  The  rate  from  Shanghai  to  New  York  is  78  cents  as 
apainst  about  40  from  Virginia  points.  The  domestic  rates  to  eastern 
Canada  offer  a  similar  advantage  to  American  peanut  growers. 


REPORT    ON    THE    EMERGENCY    TARIFF   ACT. 


33 


Table  V^II. — Peanuts — Comparison  of  freight  rales  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  Va.,  uith 
rates  from  Shanghai,  China,  and  Kobe,  Japan,  to  competing  points  in  the  United 
States.^ 


Per  100  pounds. 


From- 


Shanghai  or  Kobe I  Seattle,  Wash 

Norfolk ' do 

Suffolk ' do 

Shanghai  or  Kobe i  San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Norfolk ' do 

Suffolk do. 


Unshelled,  raw,  in       Shelled,  raw,  in 
bags.  bags. 


All  rail. 


$2. 75i 
2.75i 


Shanghai  or  Kobe . 

Norfolk 

Suffolk 


Shanghai  or  Kobe . 

Norfolk 

Suffolk 

Shanghai  or  Kobe . 

Norfolk 

Suffolk 

Shanghai  or  Kobe. 

Norfolk 

Suffolk 

Shanghai  or  Kobe . 


Denver,  Colo. 

.do 

.do 


Chicago,  111 , 

do 

do 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

do 

do 

New  York,  N.  V. 

....do 

....do 

Norfolk,  Va 


2.75J 
2.75i 


2  1.9H 


.70 
.70 


2.74i 
=.74i 


82. 75h 
2.  75i 


2.  7.5J 
2.  7oJ 


All  water 

or  water     All  rail. 

and  rail. 


$0. 474 
1.15 

2I.24i 
.47j 

1.1.5 
2  1.  24i 

2.  22i 
•-'1.91^ 

2  1.91i 

3  1.48 

a.  .34 

.70 
.70 
i-3  1.53i 
"1.43i 
2.74* 
2. 74i 
.7s 
.38 
.45 
.78 


1.98 
1.98 


.82J 
.S2J 


.45 
.45 


All  water 
or  water 
and  rail. 


$0. 32i 

1. 15 

1. 25^ 

.32* 

1.15' 

1.2.5^ 

2. 07  J 

1.98 

1.98 

3  1.48 

U.34 

.70 

.70 

8  1. 60 

f'  1. 43J 

.82J 

.821 

.78 

.38 

.45 

.78 


'  Ocean  rates  include  an  estimate  for  marine  insurance.  Ocean  rates  are  from  quotations  given  by  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board,  May,  1922.  Inland  rates  from  tariils  of  carriers  on  file  with  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission . 

2  Expires  June  30,  1922;  effective  July  1,  1921.    The  same  rate  as  shown  on  shelled  peanuts  will  apply. 

3  Via  water  and  rail. 

*  \'ia  all  water  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  rail  beyond. 
^  Via  all  water. 

In  summarizing  the  effects  of  the  emergency  tariff  upon  the  trade 
in  peanuts  distinction  should  be  made  between  the  trade  in  shelled 
and  unshelled  nuts.  Imports  of  unshelled  peanuts,  which  have  been 
relatively  unimportant  in  recent  years,  were  not  materially  reduced 
after  the  increase  in  duty. 

Imports  of  shelled  nuts,  however,  after  the  increase  in  duty  from 
three-fourths  of  1  cent  to  1  cent  per  pound,  in  the  10  months  following 
the  change  declined  to  6,410,000  pounds,  as  compared  with  22,440,000 
pounds,  which  came  in  during  the  same  period  of  the  previous  year. 
Precisely  what  part  of  this  decline  was  caused  by  the  increase  in  duty 
and  what  part  by  the  unusually  large  domestic  supply  and  conse- 
quent falling  prices  it  is  impossible  to  say.  Probably  the  latter  cause 
was  the  more  important.  However,  a  study  of  the  downward  move- 
ment of  domestic  prices  in  1921  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  the  re- 
striction of  imports,  large  as  it  was,  was  not  a  sudiciont  fa(;tor  in  the 
domestic  market  to  halt  the  decline  in  prices.  Finally,  the  persist- 
ence of  imports  to  supply  the  demand  on  the  Pacific  coast  is  ex- 
plained in  large  part  by  the  cheaper  freight  rates  from  the  Orient. 

POTATOES. 


Article. 

Emergency  tariff 
rate. 

Senate  bill. 

Act  of  1913. 

Act  o(  1909. 

Potatoes 

25  cents  per  bushel 
of  60  pounds. 

58  cents   per   100 
pounds. 

Free 

25  cents  per  bushel. 

> 


34 


i;i:i'i)i!  I'  tiN    rill',  km  i.kckncv    taimi'k  act. 


I'iuKt  tlir  art  t)f  WHY.)  potntocs  wimt  ilutijiMr  at  2")  ccMits  per  l)iishol 
of  (U)  pounds.  Tlu'V  \V(Mo  |)iit  on  the  five  list  in  tho  act  of  \9lli  with 
tilt'  provision  of  a  duty  of  10  prr  ('(Mit  ad  valorrni  on  imports  from 
fount rics  lovvin^  a  duty  on  ox|)orts  of  |)otatoes  from  tlio  United 
States.     'V\w  rnu'r<;iMU-y  tariff  rostor(>d  the  \\H)\)  rate. 

Tahlo  I  is  a  sununary  of  the  production  and  trade  since  1910.  In 
the  rj-year  pcM'iod.  witli  the  exception  of  annual  fluctuations,  there 
has  l)i>en  i)ut  little  chan<,;e  in  the  si/-e  of  the  cioj).  The  production 
in  \\)'2\  was  ;i2.). ()()(), 000  hushels  as  compared  with  an  averaj^e  of 
2(51 ,000.000  hushels  in  the  period  19101914.  In  the  last  three  years 
imports  liave  averajxed  1.3  per  cent  of  domestic  ,>roduction,  and 
exjiorts  have  amounted  on  the  avera«2:e  to  1.05  per  cent. 

T.\BLK  I. — Potatoes — Summary  table. 


Year.' 

Production. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1910-1914  ( aver:»>:o ) 

1915                                                                     

Bushels. 
3(>0, 772, 400 
3.59,721,000 
286,  Om,  000 
442,  lOH,  000 
411,860.000 
346,  823,  OCX) 
403.296,000 
322,867,000 

Bushels. 
3, 654, 022 
270,942 
209. 532 
3, 079, 025 
1,180,480 
5,  543, 686 
6,061,743 
2,017.921 

Bushels. 
1,68S,5<»I 
3, 135  474 

1916     

4, 017,  760 

1917 

2,  4K9,  CK)1 

191S 

3, 4.'')3. 307 

1919     .   .                         

3  642,322 

1920 

4, 1.53, 565 

1921      

3, 499, 8.38 

Fiscal  vears.  1910-1918:  calendar  vears,  1919-1921. 


Production. — Maine  is  the  leading  State  in  the  production  of  pota- 
toes because  of  the  suitability  of  its  climate  and  soil  and  its  proximity 
to  the  large  eastern  cities.  The  States  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
and  New  Jersey  constitute  another  important  producing  section,  and 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota,  a  third.  In  1921  these  seven 
States  produced  51  per  cent  of  the  crop,  and  furnished  55  per  cent  of 
the  sliipments  to  foreign  countries. 


Tahlk  II. 


-Potnlo-crop  .'itatistic.s  for  the  principal  producing  States  and  for  the  United 
States,  1919-1921.^ 


.Maine 

.\ew  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Virginia 

Ohio..' 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

North  Dakota 

Nebraska 

Montana 

Colorado.... 

Idaho 

Washin^on 

California 

United  States 


Acreage  (000  omitted). 


1921    1920    1919 


129 
3;J0 
95 
251 
136 
116 
121 
340 
315 
367 
120 
102 
44 
90 
57 

oh 

74 


3.813 


Acres. 
123 
325 
90 
246 
154 
116 
122 
345 
308 
319 
83 
85 
40 
73 
45 
53 
70 


3,657 


Acres. 
Ill 
310 
83 
234 
121 
125 
100 
300 
302 
332 
83 
i04 
38 
77 
43 
55 
66 


3,542 


Yield  per  acre. 


Bush. 

288 

103 

95 

86 

108 

58 

53 

80 

68 

75 

96 

80 

115 

123 

185 

135 

136 


1920 


1919 


Production  (000  omitted). 


2  90.9 


Bush. 
177 
125 
156 
115 
120 
100 
65 
105 
108 
99 
79 
99 
110 
130 
180 
155 
140 


«  110. 3 


Bush. 
2:50 
109 
96 
100 
114 
61 
52 
90 
94 
87 
63 
55 
60 
115 
155 
125 
130 


«91.2 


Bush. 
37, 152 
33,990 
9,025 
21,586 
14,688 
6,728 
6,413 
27,200 
21,420 
27,525 
11,520 
8,160 
5,060 
11,070 
10, 545 
7,425 
1Q,064 


Bvsh. 
21,  771 
40, 625 
14,040 
28,290 
18, 480 
11,600 
7,930 
36, 225 
33, 264 
31, 581 
6, 557 
8,415 
4,400 
9,490 
8, 1(X) 
8, 215 
9,800 


346,823       403,296 


1919 


Bush. 

25,  .^)30 

33,790 

7,  968 

23,4*X) 

13,  794 

7, 625 

5,200 

27,000 

28,388 

28, 884 

5,229 

5,7-20 

2,280 

8,855 

6,685 

6,875 

8,580 


322,867 


'Monthly  Crop  Reporter,  December,  1921,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 


Average. 


TtEPORT    OX    THE    EMKRGKXCY    TARIFF   ACT. 


35 


Table  II. — I'otnto-crnp  sfnti'tics  for  the  principal  producing  States  and  for  the  United 
States,  1919-1921— Continued. 


Maine 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Virginia 

Ohio 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

North  Dakota 

Nebraska 

Montana 

Colorado 

Idaho 

Washington 

California 

United  States 


Price  Dec.  1. 


Cents  per 
bushel. 
85 
lOcS 
142 
133 
110 
1.55 
140 
95 
95 
90 
70 
120 
80 
73 
77 
99 
130 


Mll.l 


Cents  per 
bushel. 
125 
lis 
125 
124 
95 
135 
145 
92 
86 
80 
98 
120 
105 
80 
68 
95 
150 


1919 


Cents  per 
bushel. 
140 
145 
169 
154 
157 
192 
196 
1.35 
140 
1.53 
160 
190 
160 
170 
151 
145 
171 


2  159.5 


Total  farm  value,  basis  Dee.  1 
price  (000  omitted). 


$;31,.579 
36,709 
12,816 
28,709 
16, 157 
10.428 
8.978 
25. 840 
20,349 
24.772 
8.064 
9,792 
4.048 
8.081 
8, 120 
7,351 
13,083 


385,192 


S27,214 
47.938 
17,550 
35,080 
17.556 
15.660 
11,498 
33.327 
28.607 
25.265 
6.426 
10,098 
4,620 
7,592 
5,508 
7,804 
14,700 


$35, 742 
48,996 
13,466 
.36,036 
21,657 
14,640 
10, 192 
36,450 
39, 743 
44,193 

8,366 
10,868 

3,648 
15,054 
10,064 

9,969 
14,672 


461,778         514,855 


-Averag*. 

In  the  discussion  of  the  tariff  problem,  the  figures  of  shipments  are 
even  more  important  than  production  figures,  because  they  relate 
solely  to  the  commercial  crop  that  comes  to  the  market.  It  is  pos- 
sible to  have  large  shipments  in  years  when  comparatively  small  pro- 
duction is  reported.  This  is  what  actually  happened  in  1921-22, 
as  a  result  of  the  disproportionately  large  crop  in  commercial  pro- 
ducing centers.  Estimated  shipments  for  11  months  of  the  season 
amounted  to  222,000  cars  as  compared  with  197,000  cars  during  the 
previous  year;  but  the  total  production  in  1921  was  only  347,000,000 
bushels  as  against  403,000,000  bushels  in  1920. 

There  are  also  important  sections  in  the  Southern  States  which 

Eroduce  early  potatoes.  \'\Tiile  October  is  usually  the  month  of 
eaviest  shipment,  domestic  production  is  so  arranged  as  to  afford  a 
fairly  even  distribution  of  marketing  throughout  the  whole  year. 
The  season  for  early  potatoes  begins  in  April  or  May  with  the  arrival 
of  shipments  from  Florida.  These  compete  with  old-crop  potatoes 
from  the  Northern  States.  In  June  and  July  the  heaviest  shipments 
come  in  from  Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina,  New  Jersey,  and 
Maryland.  Beginning  with  September  the  northern  crop  commences 
to  come  in  in  heavy  volume  and  continues  to  supply  the  market  until 
the  following  April  or  May.  Imports  from  Bermuda  compete  with 
the  early  potatoes,  while  Canadian  potatoes  come  in  at  the  same  time 
as  our  northern  crop. 


3{\  jJKPoKr  (IN    niK  i;.\ii:k(;kN(V    iakii  f  act, 

Tmii  K  111        (  <ir-lnt  shipinrntu  nf  potntn.s,  I!)I7-I»I9,  1931-1922.^ 


Month. 

IM,    l>        1'.I1R-19 

1910-20 

1920-21 

1921-22 

Total 

Cum. 
lt>0,027 

(Mm. 
Itl7, 147 

Carx. 
KWl,  ISl 

Cars. 
197,141 

Cars. 
«  221,808 

JlllV 

14,S«4 
12,K70 
14,120 
23,442 
13.  .11 4 
7,024 
9,4S9 
10,»4:i 
12,.5.VS 
11,.52S 
12,720 
1(.,«75 

14,l-)f. 

1 1 ,  sor. 

1»,S41 
24,IKI2 
1.5,442 

S,S91 
12,7,'>3 

S,998 
13,744 
13,42i» 

9,«S3 
13,303 

13,  S.^.^ 
13,  .Wl 
21,4.<<.) 
30,  CiSK 
ir.,377 

9,(«2 
12, 1.32 

8, 12:j 

11,!W>2 

7,731 
(■,,7.59 
14,802 

1.5,928 
12,774 
10,  .530 
30, 171 
23,490 
9,031 
13,871 
11,884 
10, 107 
14,847 
14,  Sill 
17,047 

17,034 

Aiiini'^t 

11-,,  lie, 

St'ptonilw 

2f.,n2i 

()<l.il>cr 

43,209 

Novpinlicr 

l<l,ti2(> 

Dcuftulx'r 

10,4H2 

January 

in,(iS8 

Koliriiarv 

13,. 590 

Manh 

22, 134 

April 

20,2(« 

May 

19,795 

June 

>  Bureau  of  Markets  and  Crop  £stimates,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.        >  Eleven  moDtha 

Trade  in  pototof.<i  he  fore  the  'pasaaeje  of  the  emergency  tariff. — The 
importation  of  potatoes  is  limited  by  (piarantine  regulations  which  are 
de.signed  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  potato-wart  disease.  Regula- 
tions now  in  effect  limit  tne  source  of  imports  to  Denmark,  Canada, 
Bermuda.  Cuba,  and  the  States  of  Sonera  and  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 
In  recent  years,  Canada  has  been  by  far  the  most  important  shipper 
to  the  United  States.  In  1920,  82^  per  cent  of  the  imports  came  from 
Canada,  9  per  cent  from  Denmark,  and  7  per  cent  from  Bermuda. 
On  November  7.  1918,  Canada  removed  its  duty  of  20  cents  per  bushel, 
and  thereafter,  until  the  passage  of  the  emergency  tarifl,  unports  into 
the  United  States  were  tree  under  the  provision  in  the  act  of  1913. 
There  was  also  free  trade  with  the  Bermudas  and  Denmark,  and 
imports  increased  until  in  1920  they  amounted  to  6,062,000  bushels, 
valued  at  812,527,000. 

Table  IV. — Potatoes — Imports  by  countries. 


Year.' 


Total. 


Bushtls. 
1910-1914  (average)  3.658,022 

1915 270,042 

1916 2rr!),.532 

1917 13,079.025 

19It jl,lH0.4S0 

1919 15,543,686 

1920 0,061,743 

1921 2,017,921 


Canada. 


Bashcli. 

282,811 

82,431 

27, 576 

2,844,314 

977.733 

.5,307,724 

5,052,212 

1,677,695 


Ber- 
muda. 


Den- 
mark. 


Bush. 
77,985 


Bu.ih. 
102,0.59 

12s,545  1 

161,2f.O  ' 

1>S6,775  I            6 

195.195    , 

225,745  I , 

159,9fi:j  1812,090 

14.3,759  180,689 


United 
King- 
dom. 


Busheh. 

2,529,248 

1,609 

10 


9,310 
64 


Nether-;    Bel- 
lands,     gium. 


Bush.  Bush. 

193,951  301,329 

5,370    

5    


Mexico. 


Bush. 
11,965 
44,  .544 
14,214 
24, 888 

540 
10,083 
10,935 

931 


AU 
other. 


Bush. 
158,674 
X,  443 
6,467 
22,992 
7,012 
131 
17, 233 
14,783 


»  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

'  Table  V. — Potatoes — Exports  by  countries. 


Year." 


Total 


Cuba. 


Canada.    Panama.    Mexico.    All  other 


BusheU.    Busheh.  Busheh. 

1910-1914  f average) 1, 688, 594  i    973,  .54fj  313, 877 

1915 3, 1.35, 474    1 ,  878, 3>S  488,  .587 

191>'. 4,017,7»;0    2,-324,882  I     230,115 

1917 2,489,001   ,1,278,148  ]     574,190 

1918 3,  4.53, .307    1,. 887,999  ]     8^5,482 

1919 .3,042,-322   2,32.5,097  ,     (;10,(:22 

1920 4,1.5.3,.5<«  i2,(i79,(!ai  856,430 

1921 3,499,838  ;2,391,576  453,614 


Bushels. 
145,89:i 
104,208 
280, 72.5 
154,2^8 
99,  427 
(0,1,47 
77,  247 
154,704 


Bushels. 
98,882 
64,247 
104,776 
179,731 
352,  (H8 
315, 52S 
287, 181 
294,811 


Busheh. 
1.56,402 
530,074 

1,077,2(32 
302,664 
287, 751 
330,433 
2,53,023 
205, 13;} 


'  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 


BEPORT   ON    THE    EMERGENCY    TARIPF    ACT. 


37 


The  movement  of  potatoes  between  Canada  and  the  United  States 
under  free  trade  has,  to  some  extent,  been  in  the  nature  of  a  border 
trade,  potatoes  moving  from  surplus  sections  in  Canada  to  deficiency 
sections  in  the  United  States  and  vice  versa.  But  most  of  our  exports 
to  Canada  have  been  early  potatoes  from  the  Southern  States,  which 
went  upon  its  markets  before  the  Canadian  new  potatoes  were  ready, 
while  Canadian  exports  to  this  country  are  of  late-crop  potatoes. 
Table  VI  shows  that  the  great  bulk  of  Canadian  production  is  in  the 
eastern  Provinces,  comparatively  near  to  our  large  eastern  con- 
suming centers.  Canadian  producers  in  the  eastern  Provinces  are 
favored  by  lower  labor  costs  than  in  the  competing  States  south  of 
the  border,  and  their  yields  per  acre  are  considerably  larger,  with  the 
exception  of  those  of  Maine. 

Table  VI. — Comparison  of  production  and  cost  of  potatoes  in  the  United  States  and 

Canada.  1921} 


Production. 


BuslieU. 

United  States 346, 823, 000 

Canada \    107, 246, 000 

New  York j      33, 990, 000 


Quebec i 

Maine 

New  Brunswick. 

•  Ohio 

Michigan 

Ontario I      15^  400^  000 

Minnesota I      27, 525, 000 

North  Dakota i      n,  520, 000 


36,089,000 
37,152,000 
16,192,000 
6,728,000 
27,200,000 


Yield 
per  acre. 


Manitoba. 

Montana , 

Saskatchewan 

Alberta 

Washington 

British  Columbia. 


5, 858, 000 
5,060,000 
10,344,000 
», 143,000 
7,425,000 
2,940,000 


Bushels. 
91 
153 
103 
163 
288 
216 
58 
80 
94 
75 
96 
153 
115 
177 
159 
135 
176 


Farm 

price 

per 

bushel. 


Dollars.^ 

1.11 

.86 

1.08 

.90 

.85 

1.01 

1.55 

.95 

1.12 

.90 

.70 

.51 

.80 

.56 

..56 

.99 

1.01 


Average 
wages 

per 
month 

(without 
board). 


Dollars.^, ' 
43. 30 
62.50 
58.50 
52.00 
59.00 
53.70 
46.00 
50.50 
56.90 
,53.10 
60.20 
74.50 
63. 00 
74.30 
69.70 
68.00 
79.90 


1  United  States  figures  from  Monthly  Crop  Reporter,  December,  1921,  p.  159,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.     Ca- 
nadian source,  Monthly  Bulletin  of  Agricultural  Statistics,  January,  1922,  p.  5;  February,  1922,  p.  51. 

2  Converted  to  United  States  money  at  avera  je  rate  of  $0,892. 

3  Canadian  figures  are  money  wages  plus  the  estimated  value  of  board;  United  States  figures  are  money 
wages  of  regular  farm  itclp,  not  boarded. 

Trade  in  potatoes  since  the  passage  of  the  emergency  act. — Table  VII 
shows  how  imports  declined  after  the  passage  of  the  emergency 
act.  In  the  11  months  ending  April,  1922,  1,799,000  bushels  were 
imported  as  compared  with  3,626,000  bushels  in  the  same  period 
during  the  previous  year. 


190190 


88  IJKroUJ"    ON     rilK    K.MKIU^KN'CV    TAIMKF    ACT, 

T.\ui.B  VII. — PotOtoet — lienfral  imiinrls  bij  imoiihs,  I'JIi,  1920-1922. 


Month. 
Janimrv: 

1914 

liii.'ihiU. 
318,729 
61,392 

7.492 
10,491 

U.0.16 
26, 97s 

216. 172 
.-I,  (Ml 

.V..13S 
5,709 

17,0.56 
2,619 

2,ra2 

5,537 

1020 

493,  H47 
685 

293.710 
1,044 

624,001 
157 

1,179,284 
313 

1,113,141 
4,867 

387,697 
11,940 

56,  (542 
8,758 

267, 109 
1,73S 

236,510 
186 

442,631 
539 

615,500 
112 

321,275 
59 

1921 

BuMitlx. 
384,090 
77 

219,834 
38 

35!),  999 

1922 
Bwheh. 

DiUiiit.U" 

305,084 

Krl>rn!iry: 

Krw. ...   .,.,..... 

Putiablo" 

March: 

Kr»««>   .     , 

343,949 

DutlftlilP' " 

382,032 

April; 

Kri>c 

317,596 
42 

=  172,556 
87 

6,968 
16,837 

5 
5,117 

Diltii)lile> 

201,058 

May: 

PtitinMi''     

June: 

Kroo 

Dutiable ' 

J  Illy: 

Kroo 

Dut  iahU'  > 

Aiipiist: 

Diit  iahle  > 

6,486 

13 

6,626 

12 
6,139 

3,371 
7,458 

13.957 
4,029 

55,214 

Dutiable ' 

116,249 

Octol<cr: 

Dutiable ' 

160, 556 

Free  

Dutiable' 

136,865 

Decern  l)er: 

Dutiable'      

69,446 

'  Dutiable  at  10  per  ceut  when  imported  from  a  country  imposing  a  duty  on  potatoes  from  the  United* 
States. 
*  Theemergency  tariff  act  became  elTective  May  28,  1921. 

The  decline  wtis  most  marked  during  the  summer  and  fall  months, 
during  which  imports  normally  come  in  from  Canada.  In  making  this 
comparison,  however,  it  is  noteworthy  that  imports  in  1920  were  ah- 
normally  large  as  compared  with  previous  years.  They  amounted  to 
<),062.000  hushels,  as  against  3,658,000  bushels  average  for  the  period 
1910-1914.  This  period  of  declining  imports  in  1921-22  was  also  a 
period  of  large  domestic  shipments  and  of  declining  domestic  prices. 
(See  Tables  III  and  VIII.) 

Table  VIII. — Prices  of  potatoes  at  Montreal.  Canada,  compared  with  prices  at  Boston, 

Mass.  (per  100  pounds.) 


1920 

1921 

1922 

Date. 

Mon-  1 
treal.i 

Bos- 
ton .2 

Excess 
of 

Boston 
over 
Mon- 
treal 
price. 

Mon- 
treal. 

Bo.s- 
ton. 

Excess 
of 

Boston 
over 
.Mon- 
treal 

price. 

.Mon- 
treal. 

Bos- 
ton. 

Excess 
of 

Boston 
over 
Mon- 
treal 
price. 

$2.80  j 
3.05 

2.78 
4.12  i 

«3.15 
3.95 
4.20 
4.42 

SO.  35 
.90 
1.42 
.30 

$2.06 

""i.ki' 

1.82 

$1.90 
1.95 
1.82 
1.70 

»$0.16 


"V."i2' 

81.73 
2.05 
1.58 
1.63 

82.20 
2.37 
2.30 
2.30 

80.47 

12 

.32 

19 

.72 

26 

.67 

"Prices  of  ''Montreal  potatoes"  from  the  Canadian  Grocer.  Orijjinal  price-^  given  in  Canadian  money 
on  basis  of  90- pound  bags.  Converted  to  100-pound  basis  and  to  American  money  at  rate  of  exchange  the 
15th  of  each  month. 

«  Prices  of  eastern  round  whites.  No.  1,  sacked,  from  the  .Market  Reporter,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. 

>  Excess  of  Montreal  price. 


RP:P()RT    ().\    THK    K.MKHUKXCV    T.VRTFF    .\C'T. 


39 


Table  VIII. — Prices  of  potatoes  at  Montreal.   Canada,  compared  nith  prices  at  Boston, 
Mass.  (per  100  pounds) — Continued. 


1920 

1921 

1922 

Date. 

Mon- 
treal. 

Bos- 
ton. 

1  Excess 

of 
Boston 

over 
;   Mon- 
'    treal 

i    ■"=^- 

Mon- 
treal . 

Bos- 
ton. 

Excess 
of 

Boston 
over 
Mon- 
treal 

price. 

Mon- 
treal. 

Bos- 
ton. 

Excess 
of 

Boston 
over 
Mon- 
treal 

price. 

Feb.    2 

S4.37 
3.69 
3.69 
3.49 
3.62 
3.37 
3. 37 
3.37 
3.86 
4.39 
4.39 
4.39 
5.13 
5.43 
5.43 
5.43 
5. 53 
6.59 
6.12 
6.12 
6.12 
5.18 
5.29 
4.81 
4.81 
4.81 

$4.. 50 
4.32 
4.37 
4.85 
4.57 
5.37 
5.00 
5.37 
5.67 
6.25 
6.52 
6.52 
6.95 
7.00 
6.87 
7.12 
7.62 
7.87 

13;  00 

12.50 
12.87 
11.62 
12.75 
8.75 
9.25 
5.73 
5.37 
1.92 
2.05 
2.80 
2.  .57 
2.15 
1.95 
2.00 
1.80 
2.17 
2.17 
2.45 
2.32 
2.45 
2.45 
2.  .32 
2.30 
2.30 
2.12 
1.87 
1.82 
1.87 

$013 

.63 

.68 
1.36 

.95 
2.00 
1.63 
2.00 
1.81 
1.86 
2.13 
2.13 
1.82 
1.57 
1.44 
1.69 
2.09 
1.28 
6.88 
6.38 
6.75 
6.44 
7.46 
3.94 
4.44 

.94 

"Vi.'ee' 

3.10 

.65 
1.19 
.02 
.50 
..30 
.35 
.69 
.69 
.97 
.84 
.99 
.81 
.86 
.42 
.42 
.31 
.06 
».20 

3.15 

$1.83 
1.S3 
1.15 
1.15 
1.14 
1.14 
1.14 
1.14 
1.14 
1.16 
1.16 
1.16 
1.16 
1.17 
1.17 
1.17 
1.17 
1.17 
.1.17 
1.17 
.94 
.94 
.93 
.93 
.93 
<2.68 
2.75 
2.75 
3.50 
3.00 
2.75 
2.73 
1.68 
1.68 
1.68 
1..30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.29 
1.29 
1.29 
1.29 
1.29 
1.54 
1..54 
1.54 
1.54 

$1.62 
1.57 
1.42 
1.32 
1.32 
1.45 
1.72 
1.32 
1.32 
1..30 
1.05 
1.05 
1.00 
.95 
.92 
1.05 
.87 
.85 
4.12 
3.87 
3.37 
4.00 
4.12 
3.37 
4.75 
5.37 
3.25 
3.07 
3.37 
2.50 
2.00 
2.57 
2.07 
2.00 
1.80 
1.95 
1.95 
1.92 
2.12 
2.00 
2.05 
1.95 
1.90 
1.90 
1.95 
1.92 
1.95 
2.20 

'SO.  21 

3.26 

.27 

.17 

.18 

.31 

.58 

.18 

.18 

.14 

3.11 

».ll 

3.16 

3.22 
3.25 

3.12 

^.30 
3.32 
2.95 

$1.65 
1.65 
1.65 
1.65 
1.66 
1.66 
1.66 
1.61 
1.31 
1.57 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.32 
1.32 
1.35 

$2.20 
2.20 
2.00 
1.92 
1.92 
1.95 
195 
1.80 
1.80 
1.70 

«0.55 

9 

.55 

16 

.35 

23 

.27 

Mar.    2 

.26 

9 

.26 

16 

.26 

23 

30 

.•\pr.    6 

13 

.19 
.49 
.13 

20. ..   . 

1.27 
1..57 
1..57 
1.35 

3 .03 

27 

.27 

Mav    4 

.25 

11 

.03 

IS.   .   .   . 

25 

June    1 

8 

15 

2. 70 
2.43 
3.06 
3.19 
2.44 
3.82 
2.69 
.50 
.32 

3.13 

3.50 
3.75 

3.16 

.39 
.32 
.12 
.65 
.65 
.62 
.82 
.71 
.76 
.66 
.61 
.61 
.41 
.38 
.41 
.66 

22 

29 

July    6 

13 

20 

27 

. 

Aug.     5 

10 



3.58 

2.15 

2.15 

1.38 

2.13 

1.45 

1.70 

1.45 

1.48 

1.48 

1.48 

1.48 

1.46 

1.64 

1.46  ' 

1.8S 

1.88 

1.81 

1.81 

2.02 

2.02 

17 

24 

::::"■ '::;::::: 

31 

Sept.    7 

14 

21 

.:.:.::: 

28 

Oct.     6 



12 

19 

[ 

26 

Nov.    2 

9 

16 

23 

30 

Dec.     7 

14 

21 

28 

3  Excess  of  Montreal  price. 
<New  potatoes. 

Table  VIII  compares  prices  at  Boston  with  prices  in  Montreal.  Bos- 
ton prices  are  almost  uniformly  higher  than  tliose  in  Montreal,  except 
at  the  end  of  the  season,  when  the  price  is  dependent  upon  the  amount 
of  supplies  left  in  storage,  and  except  during  a  short  period  in  sum- 
mer when  new  potatoes  come  into  the  Boston  market  sooner  than 
into  the  Canadian.  It  is  in  the  fall,  when  the  heavy  Canadian  move- 
ment occurs,  that  the  reflection  of  the  inlhience  on  prices  of  the 
restriction  of  imports  would  be  expected.  But  in  the  fall  of  1921 
the  average  of  the  excess  of  Boston  over  Montreal  prices  did  not 
<liffer  greatly  from  that  in  1920.     Thus  while  imports  fell  off  consid- 


40 


itKPoitr  ON    rui:  kmkuckxcy  T.Miirr  act. 


oriibly  i\([cv  tht>  <'nuctin<>n(  of  tli<>  (Mu?r<jjency  tiiriir,  foreign  potatoes 
were  too  sinnll  a  fnctor  in  th<'  doiuestic  supply  iiuiterinlly  tt)  ivfTect 
doniostie  prices. 

ONIONS. 


Arifple                   Kmergi'iicy  tariff 
'^""^'^-                           rate. 

Senate  bill. 

Act  ol  1913. 

Aotori909. 

•  xhom-.                             -lOoeutspprbiubol 
of  57  pounds. 

1  cent  per  puujid.. 

20  cents  per  bushel. 

40  cents  per  bushel 

I'lulei-  the  act  of  1 ',)()'.)  the  (hity  on  onions  was  40  cents  per  hiishel 
of  57  pounds.  This  rate,  whicli  liad  heen  reduced  to  20  cents  in  the 
act  of  1913.  was  restored  in  the  eniei<:;encv  net. 

'r.\ui.K  I. — Onioris — Smtiinnri/  lubh. 


Veiir.' 

I'rwluction. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1910-1914  (average) 

Bushels. 

Biuhelg. 

1,175,900 

829, 177 

S15, 872 

1,757,948 

1,313,402 

740, 686 

1,819,158 

1,976,083 

Bunhtls. 
.524  307 

1915 

727  98:i 

1916 

(») 
19,133,0(X) 
19,;«6,00O 
12,8.33,500 
23,43.5,000 
12,652,000 

56;?'  739 

191 7 • 

409'  301 

1918 

534  192 

1919 

816, 959 
945,778 
867,342 

1920 

1921 

»  FLscal  years,  1910-191S;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

'  Production  ;  tatistics  not  available  prior  to  1917.    Production  is  for  calendar  years. 

Proditction . — The  situation  in  the  production  of  and  trade  in  onions 
(hiring  recent  years  is  summarized  in  Tabh^  I.  In  tlie  period  1917- 
1921.  the  crop  averaged  17,478,000  bushels.  Imports  during  the  same 
period  ranged  irom  741.000  bushels  to  1.970,000  bushels  and  averaged 
about  9  per  cent  of  the  domestic  production  w^hile  exports  amounteti 
to  about  4  per  cent. 

There  are  two  distinct  branches  of  the  domestic  industry:  the 
raising  of  early  onions,  chiefly  Jiermudas,  in  Texas,  California,  and 
Louisiana;  and  the  growing  of  the  late  or  '"main  crop"  onions  in  the 
Northern  States.  Among  the  varieties  of  onions,  there  are  consid- 
erable differences  in  respect  to  taste,  uses,  seasonal  distribution,  and 
degree  of  foreign  competition.  Southern  onitms,  especially  Ber- 
mudas, are  mild  and  sweet  and  are  eaten  raw  to  a  greater  extent  than 
the  stronger  northern  varieties.  But  all  types  are  to  some  extent 
competitive,  although  the  price  of  a  particular  variety  may  rise  above 
others  by  reason  of  the  specialized  demand  for  it. 

A  relatively  small  acreage  is  able  to  supply  the  domestic  require- 
ments. This  acreage  is  concentrated  in  small  sections  of  six  States- 
Texas,  California.  New  York  Massachusetts,  Indiana,  and  Ohio. 
In  the  period  1919  to  1921,  the  average  acreaj'e  was  45,6f>b,  of  which 
31,899  consisted  of  late  varieties  and  18,777  of  early  oni(ms.  Of  the 
15,576  cars  ^500  bushels  each)  of  late  onions  shipped  in  1921,  19  per 
cent  originated  in  New  York.  17A  per  cent  in  California,  14  per  cent 
in  Ma.ssachusetts,  12  per  cent  in  Indiana,  and  11  per  cent  in  Ohio. 
Of  the  4.904  cars  of  domestic  Bermuda  onions  shipped,  nearly  all — 
84  per  cent — came  from  Texas.  P\)urteen  and  one  half  per  cent 
originated  in  California  and  the  rest  in  Louisiana. 


REPORT    O^J    THE    EAIERGEXCY    TARIFF    ACT. 


41 


T.A.BLE  II. — Cnr-Int  shipments  of  onions. 
MAIN  CROP  ONIONS. 


State. 

Season  of— 

1917-18 

1918-19 

1919-20 

1920-21 

1921-22 

Cars. 

3, 005 
239 

1,204 
708 

2,766 
253 
626 
.567 

2,104 

1,475 
196 
315 
240 
874 

Cars. 

3,665 
230 

1,817 
968 

2,88:i 
590 
822 
597 

2,784 

2,008 
238 
477 
309 

1,153 

Cars.     1 
5,071  1 
207  1 
1,005 

488  1 

2,835  : 

224  ' 

439 

634 

2,702 

1,913 

202 

596 

95 

863 

Curs. 

■i,m 

135 

3,448 

870 

3,834 

795 

276 

035 

3, 082 

3,212 

19 

790 

406 

1,165 

Cars. 
2,700 

443 

Indiana 

1,'841 

412 

2,227 

Michigan..            

117 

176 

New  Jersey 

427 

2,927 

Ohio 

1,735 

.351 

649 

Wisconsin 

95 

Other  .states 

1,176 

Total 

14,572 

18,541 

17,274  \ 

21,894 

15. 756 

DOMESTIC  BERMUDA  ONIONS. 


State. 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

253 

381 

4,5.50 

493 

161 

5, 815 

362 

140 

.3,506 

338 

101 

2,836 

1,168 

106 

5,086 

720 

67 

Texas 

4,117 

Total 

5,184 

6,469 

4,008 

3,275 

6,260 

4,904 

Production  and  distribution  of  domestic  onions  is  so  regulated  that 
nearly  an  even  supply  is  coming  on  the  market  throughout  the  3'ear. 
From  the  new  crop  of  late  onions  shipments  commence  in  June  and 
July  and  these  northern  white,  yellow,  and  red  varieties  supply  the 
demand  during  the  fall.  The  surplus  of  these  hardier  northern 
varieties  goes  into  storage  and  continues  to  come  into  market  until 
spring.  Growers  aim  to  dispose  of  the  northern  crop  by  March,  when 
the  southern  Bermuda  onions  begin  to  move.  The  milder  types  from 
Texas,  California,  and  Louisiana  are  not  as  well  adapted  to  storage 
as  the  northern  onions  and  must  be  disposed  of  cjuickly.  The  bulk  of 
them  are  marketed  in  the  period  from  March  through  June.  Because 
of  the  perishability  of  their  product  the  Southern  growers  are  at  a 
disadvantage  compared  with  Northern  producers  in  meeting  the  com- 
petition of  imports.  But  the  great  bulk  of  the  imports,  coming  from 
Spain,  arrive  during  the  period  from  October  to  March  and  compete 
with  the  late  or  main  crop. 

Growers  have  found  that  the  demand  for  onions  is  inelastic;  that 
it  does  not  readily  respond  to  changes  in  price.  In  consequence 
prices  fall  sharply  when  crops  are  large.  For  this  reason  the  growers 
nave  endeavored  to  regulate  shipments,  and  when  unusually  large 
crops  are  harvested  (considerable  portions  may  not  reach  the  markets. 
The  southern  growers  regulate  the  acreage  they  plant  by  the  size  of 
the  preceding  northern  crop  and  a  committee  of  grow(>rs  determines 
the  number  of  cars  to  go  to  market.  The  inelasticity  of  the  demand 
for  onions  has  had  considerable  infhience  on  our  foreign  trade  in  ihem. 
In  years  of  short  crop  prices  have  been  high,  and  our  imports  have 


4  J 


i;i:i'i>i;r  on    nil.  kmi  K(;i:ni  v    r.\i;iii"  act. 


foiisi»ltMal>ly  iiuimsod;  when  cnips  huvo  hocii  lai>^c  prices  have 
tln»j>pt'il,  imports  have  jKhtimi^oiI.  and  exports  liav(>  boon  j];roater. 

Tnidf  in  onions  s-lncc  l!H(f  prior  to  tin  jKissdtfc  of  the  enun/i  no/  act. — 
In  tlu«  (locadc  1«)1()  to  1«>1M  exports  avoraj^od  4S4.()()0  Inishols.  In 
I'.fJO  and  l'»L'l.  UlC. ()()()  and  S()7.00()  hushoTs.  rc'spoctivoly,  were  ex- 
p«iittMl,  lar«X(>ly  to  ('iil)!i,  Canada,  Panama,  and  ^loxi(•o.  wShipments 
to  Cnha  rocrivo  a  JO  |)t>r  cent  prcfcrcncr  in  import  dntios. 

With  tlu>  ('\((M)tion  of  \\H\K  wIumi  imports  were  rostrictod  by  the 
\N  ar  Trade  lioard,  (hn'injj;  the  ih'cade  11(10  to  1919  they  i-an<;e(l  from 
7()9,00()  t»>  1,7'JS,000  bushels.  These  wide  annual  Ihictuations  were 
hir«:ely  caused  by  variations  in  the  size  of  the  (h>mestic  crop.  wSonie 
of  the  imports  come  in  to  satisfy  a  spe<ialized  demand  for  Spanish, 
Bermuda,  or  Efjyptian  onions,  but  this  a[)plics  only  to  a  minor  portion 
of  the  market.  I'or  the  most  part,  iniports  are  governed  by  domestic 
price  c(>n(Htions. 

T.\Bi-i5  111. — Uiuons—Iiiiporls  by  counlries. 


rcrioil. 


Fiscal  year. 
1910-1914    (aver- 
age)  

191") 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919' 

1920  > 

1921  1 


.\fonth. 
1920. 

Januaiy 

FpbniaVv... 
March..'.... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

.\»kust 

September.. 

October 

November. . 
Decemljcr.. 


1921. 
January... 
February. . 
March.."... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

Septeml)er. 
October.  . . 
November. 
December.. 

192^. 

January 

February. . 
March ..'..., 
April 


'Calendar  year. 


Total. 


Biuilifls. 

1,175.900 

.S29, 177 

S1.^,H72 

1,7.57,948 

1,313,402 

740.686 

1,819,158 

1.976.0.83 


:«5,.569 
214, 1.5;< 
:i69.262 
143.371 
.S.»i,  4.52 
104,942 
95,009 
35.224 
59. 743 
177,742 
119.396 
46,295 


30.733 

63. 732 

41,405 

7, 243 

13,016 

9,036 

32, 181 

125.029 

261,965 

:«X),  447 

652,883 

442,413 


38. 978 

20.307 

181,. 520 

241,. 505 


<paiii. 


Bushels. 

471, 14:1 

547, 824 

590,717 

1,422,  .572 

1,165,720 

568,540 

1,414,910 

1,596,190 


Egypt. 


Bit^h. 


313, 

227, 

.361, 

34, 

6, 
2 

32, 
52, 
173, 
107, 
45, 


24, 
122, 
213, 
193, 
.550, 
385, 


10,486 
189, 108 


92,045 

57,  .5.87 
33,784 
5,692 


Ber- 
muda. 


BUftihtls . 
1(M,  9.53 
112,714 
112,544 
89,975 
8.3, 179 
94,796 
74,345 
1!'.  849 


330 

13,068 

.52,598 

7,431 

'913 


England. 


Bmluh. 
.334, 864 
64,643 
35,118 
12,874 
3,600 
13,264 
.54,749 
174,010 


Cauaryj   Aus- 
Island.x.i  tralia. 


Bii.-h. 
31,. 329 
27. 547 
29, 4.57 
48,609 
1,110 
8,949 
27,  .571 
12,9.39 


Bush. 
23,  .3.59 
33, 865 
Zi,  5.53 
63,730 
•5,280 
4,431 
24,414 
1.6.56 


Italy. 


19, 451 
10,285 
2,6.56 
815  14,310 


1,2 


B  ttsh . 

15,  275 
2,716 
3,763 
9, 765 
2,680 
7,492 

19,894 

67,318 


2,743 

4,068 

5,221 

&42 


4,706 

11,810 

3,043 

286 


841 

.590 

8,772 

902 

2,615 

3,444 

4.377 

1 


200 
13, 913 
7,403 
1,240 


4,087  5,227 
13,740  1,813 
7,895  1     1,779 

"i^sig""!!!!!! 


237 

420 

12, 349 

60,331 


57  I 

1,186  ;. 

3,374  . 

7,038  1. 

.509  1. 


833 
823 


25 

4,082 

1,020 

130 

209 

1,127 

627 


402 


. ;     1, 159 

436    j  27,412 

339  i I  17,482 

.58,884  I i 6,513 

19.033  ' t i  14,350 


23,025 
4,264 


I    5,375       4,520 

53    

290  1 94,955  I    1,968 


All 
other. 


Bush. 

194,  On.' 
39,  .Slis 
2(1, 720 

110,423 
51,.8;i:{ 
32, 72S 
14,6(i7 

104,121 


136 
984 
382 
274 
1,227 

793 

2,277 
953 

6,:}48 
662 


l.j2 

16 

It 

!.■> 

21) 

63 

I 

U 

8,  215 

35,036 

36, 7(Hi 

23,866 


6,0J«5 
15.  990 
42, 878 


REPORT    ON    THE    EMEKGKXCV    TARIFF    ACT. 


43 


Table  IV. — Onions — Exports  by  countries. 


Year.i 

Total. 

Canada. 

Panama.       Mexico. 

Cuba. 

All  other. 

1910-1914  (average) 

Busheh. 
524,307 
727,983 
563, 739 
409,301 
534, 192 
816,959 
945, 778 
867,342 

Bushfln. 
244,295 
352,823 
257,632 
207,852 
184,844 
218,129 
264, 262 
171,273 

Bushels.     >    Buxhfl.1. 
49,717             32,987 
48,182            26,236 
60,890            21,898 
43,237  1          36,893 
40,665  '          50,241 
31,649  1          46,207 
41,003  I          52,133 
57,248  1          59,599 

Bu.fhcls. 
94,174 
97,518 
106,163 
77,012 
179,949 
400,560 
485, 266 
473, 203 

Bushels. 
103, 134 

1915 

203,224 

1916 

117,156 

1917 

44,307 

1918 

78, 493 

1919 

120,414 

1920 

103,114 

1921 

106,019 

1  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

Trade  in  onions  since  the  passage  of  the  emergency  act. — The  seasonal 
character  of  the  importation  of  onions  is  shown  in  Table  III.  The 
movement  resembles  very  closely  that  of  domestic  onions.  Onions 
from  Bermuda,  Egypt,  and  the  Canary  Islands  come  to  the  domes- 
tic markets  from  April  through  May  during  precisely  the  same  sea- 
son that  the  perishable  early  domestic  crop  of  the  same  type  is  ar- 
riving from  Texas.  However,  the  larger  part  of  the  imports  from 
Spain,  as  well  as  the  reexports  of  Spanish  and  Egyptian  onions  from 
England,  arrive  during  the  fall,  winter,  and  spring  when  the  main 
crop  of  domestic  onions  is  being  marketed.  Thus,  in  determining 
the  effect  of  the  duty,  the  early  and  late  crop  should  be  separately 
considered.  The  emergency  tariff  took  effect  as  the  early  crop  was 
being  marketed  and  tne  imports  from  Bermuda  were  coming  in. 
From  April  tlirough  July,  1921,  only  20,000  bushels  of  onions  were 
received  from  Bermuda  as  compared  with  74,000  bushels  in  the 
previous  season.  While  189,000  bushels  had  been  received  from 
Egypt  during  these  months  in  1920,  none  were  imported  from  there 
during  1921.  Imports  from  the  Canary  Islands  were  reduced  from 
28,000  to  12,000  bushels.  Some  of  these  reductions  occurred  after 
the  increase  from  20  to  40  cents  per  bushel,  effective  May  29.  In  1920 
June  was  the  month  of  heaviest  imports  from  Bermuda,  while  very 
few  came  from  there  in  the  corresponding  month  in  1921.  The 
situation  in  the  domestic  market,  however,  also  had  a  large  influence 
on  imports  of  this  type  of  onions.  The  previous  season's  shipments 
of  main  crop  onions  had  been  extraordinarily  large  and  prices  had 
declined  before  the  passage  of  the  emergency  tariff.  Then  the 
domestic  shipments  of  Bermuda  type  oniony  in  1921  amounted  to 
4,904  cars,  which  just  about  c({ualed  the  average  shipments  for  the 
previous  five  years.  But' prices  of  domestic  Bermudas  for  the  season 
March  to  June,  1921,  ranged  from  $0.65  to  SO. 90  as  compared  with 
$1.50  to  S4.25  during  1920.  In  other  words,  the  price  situation  in 
the  early  summer  did  not  encourage  large  imports  of  Bermuda 
onions  in  the  face  of  an  increase  in  duty. 

Table  V. — Prices  of  eastern  yellow  onions  at  New  York,  }9 19-20  through  1921-22.'^ 


Month. 


1920-21 


Augiist 

September i    $3. 00-$4. 00 


Ocloher. 
Novemlxsr. 
Dcromber. 
January. .. 
February. . 

March 

\pril 


.3.00-  4.(K) 
3.  %'y-  5. 65 
5.  no-  6.  ."iO 
.5.  50-  6.  .50 
i>.  2.')-  0. 25 
5.50-  6.75 
5. 00-  7. 00 


$1.7.5-$2. 

1. 25-  2. 

l.OO-  1. 

1.00-  1. 

1.00-  1. 

.75-  I. 

..JO-  1. 

.m-  1. 


2,5-M.  00 
00-  4.(K» 
2.'>-  6.00 
25-  5.  75 
2.5-  ,').tW 
7.5-  H.2.-. 
00-  8.  «) 
Z5  12.00 
50-12.  iJO 


» Wefttber,  Crops,  and  Markets,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  May  6, 1922,  p.  383. 


1  1  KKPOirr    ON    TllK    K.MKlUiKNCV    TAHIFI-'    Al'T. 

'Tahlk  VI. — Pricfs  0/  Tccas  limnniln  oniniis,  19Ui  lU.'O  i>rici\'i/.  o.  h.  shippiiuf  points. 


Ilipli  for  sriison  !  Low  for  : 


ini 

1930 
19W 
IttlS 
1917 
1916 


Date. 


AprU4.. 
April  12. 
May  2ti. . 
April  20. 
April  16. 
Mav  22. . 


Price. 


$1.  l.VJl.60  Mav  10.... 

4.00-1.2.5  Mav  2-1. 

3. -20-  .i.M  !  April  211.. 

l.;«V-  I.  10  i  Mav  20... 

2.00-  2.7.')  I  May  2S. .. 

1. 50-  1. 60  May  18. . . 


SO.  65-10. 90 

1.  m 
2. 00-  2.  or. 

.so 
1.25-  i.:jo 
1.10-  1.20 


Closing  for  season. 


Date. 


Mav  16.... 
Mav  24.... 
Mav  20.... 
.Mav  27.... 
.May  2S. . . . 
May  22.... 


Prico. 


$0. 65-$0. 90 

1.50 

X2(V  3.50 

.sr»-  1.00 

1.2;)-  1.30 

1.50-  1.60 


'  Tlu>  Market  Reportor,  V .  S.  Depart incnt  of  A.i^ric  ijturo.  .Inly  2,  1921,  p.  ». 

It  was  (|iiito  (lifrrront  with  main  crop  onions  durin<ij  the  fall  and 
winter  of  1921.  Shipments  of  main  crop  onions  in  the  season  of 
1921-22  were  l."),.57()  cars  as  compared  with  an  avera<]^!^  of  18,070  cars 
during  the  previous  four  years.  The  light  supply  and  good  demand 
caused  a  great  increase  in  prices.  Prices  of  eastern  yellow  onions  in 
New  York  rose  from  a  range  of  SO. 50  to  $1.25  in  Marcii,  1921,  to  a 
range  of  .SI  1.50  to  $12.50  in  April,  1922,  an  average  increase  in  price 
tliirty-two  times  the  increase  in  duty.  As  in  previous  years  of  short 
crops,  imnorts  increased  to  supply  the  demand.  In  spite  of  the  20 
cents  per  nushcl  increase  in  duty,  imports  during  the  10  months  ending 
March,  1922,  during  which  the  emergency  rate  was  in  efl'ect  amounted 
to  2,071,000  bushels  as  compared  with  764,000  bushels  during  the 
same  period  of  the  preceding  year. 

To  sum  up,  after  the  passage  of  the  emergency  act  increasing  the 
duty  on  onions  from  20  to  40  cents  per  bushel,  prices  of  domestic 
Bermudas  declined  and  imports  of  such  onions  were  considerably 
less  than  in  the  previous  year.  But  imports  of  Spanish  onions  in 
the  fall  and  winter  were  largely  increased,  owing  to  the  domestic  crop 
shortage  and  the  resulting  high  prices  of  main  crop  onions.  In  the 
case  of  these  onions  the  increase  in  duty  was  not  followed  by  a 
reduction  in  imports,  but  it  may  have  had  some  effect  in  allowing 
prices  to  go  somewhat  higher  than  they  would  have  gone  under  the 
old  rate. 

KICE. 


Article. 

Emergency  tariff 
rate. 

Senate  bill. 

Act  of  1913. 

Act  of  1903. 

2cents  per  pound.. 
1  cent  per  pound.. 

1  cent  per  pound. . 

1  cent  per  pound. . 

2     cents      per 

pound. 

manufacture    of  canned 
foods. 

IJ  cents  per  pound, 
i  cent  per  pound.. 
J  cent  per  pound.. 

i  cent  per  pound. . 
J  cent  per  pound.. 

J  font  per  iiound.. 

i  cent  per  pound., 
i  cent  per  pound. . 
I  cent  per  pound. 

IJ     cents     per 

Rice  fl9ur,  rice  meal,  and 

brolten  rice. 
Paddy 

pound. 
i       cent       per 

pound. 
]       cent       per 

pound. 

REPORT    OX    THK    EMERGENCY    TARIFF    ACT. 


45 


Production.-— With  the  exception  of  certain  kinds  of  rice  for  special 
uses,  the  American  supply  is  sufhcient  for  domestic  demands,  and  in 
recent  years  has  afforded  a  substantial  surplus.  From  1914  to  1920 
production  increased  nearly  130  per  cent.  Acreage  increased  about 
100  per  cent,  due  largely  to  the  development  of  rice  production  in 
California.  Beginning  in  1916  our  exports  exceed  eel  imports  for 
consumption  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  industry.  The 
United  States  is  not  a  large  consumer  of  rice.  It  is  more"  or  less 
incidental  to  other  foods,  and  the  small  per  capita  consumption  of 
approximately  10  pounds  of  cleaned  rice,  or  on  the  basis  of  rough 
rice  slightly  more  tlian  one-third  of  a  bushel,  is  about  the  maximum 
that  can  be  absorbed  advantageously  regardless  of  the  supply 
available. 

British  India,  French  Indo-China,  and  Siam  are  the  chief  rice- 
exporting  countries.  Exports  from  these  three  countries  make  up 
approximately  96  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  entering  into  inter- 
national trade.  Nearly  50  per  cent  of  such  rice  is  imported  and 
consumed  by  Asiatic  countries  which  do  not  produce  sufficient 
amounts  for  their  own  needs.  Europe  imports  about  2,5  per  cent 
and  Africa  about  12^  per  cent.  North  and  South  America  together 
import  and  consume  the  remaining  12^  per  cent. 

Table  I  shows  the  trend  of  production  in  the  United  States,  do- 
mestic exports,  and  imports  for  consumption  since  1909-1913. 

Table  I. — Bice,  dovieslk  production,  imports  and  exports. 


Year.' 


1909-1913  (average)... 

1914 

191.5 

1910 

1917 

I91S 

1919 

1920 

1921 

Jan.l-\fav  2S.. 

May  M-Doc.  n . 


.Tan.  l-Mar.  31 . 


1922. 


Production, 
cleaned. 


Domestic 
exports.  2 


Pounds. 

6Sl,16(i,00n 

656,917,000 

8O4,0S3,fXK) 

1,135,028.000 

964,972.000 

1,072,389,000 

1,188,611,000 

1,458,000,000 

983,000,000 


Pounds. 

15,158,000 

18,223,000 

75,448,000 

120,095,000 

181,372,000 

167,933,000 

376, 876,  (KW) 

392,613,000 

6(X),  0.59, 000 


Imports  for  consumption. 


Cleaned  rice. 


Pounds. 
2:j,f-34,000 
73,745,000 
30.700,000 
29,003,000 
27,219,000 
88,251,000 
28,443,000 
21,. 541, 000 
17,100,000 
15,358,000 
1,742,000 


3,822,138 


Uncleaned 
with  hull 
removed. 


Pounds. 
47,268,000 
52,678,000 
83,273,000 
85,769,000 
83,390,000 
.58,251,000 
28,9.56,000 
28,.550,0(X) 
19,840,000 
14,619.000 
5,221,000 


S7<;,  759 


Total.3 


Pounds. 
70,902,000 
126,42;<,000 
113,973,000 
114,772,000 
110,609,000 
147,831,000 
57,399,000 
,50,097,000 
36, '.MO,  000 
2i),  977, 000 
6,9()3,(X)0 


4,698,897 


»  Fiscal  years,  1909-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-192L. 

2  Mostly  cloancd  rice. 

■'Total  imports  for  con-^umption  inr'liidc  milled  or  cleaned  rice  and  uncleaned  rice  with  outer  hull 
removed  (brown  rice)  only.  In  addilion  to  tliose  statistics  tlierr  are  imparls  ol  hroken  rice,  rice  flour, 
meal,  and  paddy. 

598—22 i 


40  RKPOHT    ON    Tin;    KMHIUIKNTV     lArvlKF    ACT. 

Tablt*  II  jjjivos  j)ro(luc(i()n  in  the  l('a(liii<^  countries, 

Tmu.i.  II.     <'l)-tin(<l  ritr — Production  in  Icailing  roimtrirs. 

|(HHI  oilUtti'il.] 


190&-1913  (average) 

1915 

19J6 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 


United 
States. 


POHIld-l. 

fiSl,(KK1 

N04,(KHI 
l,l.i.i,000 

96.".,  (100 
1,072,000 
1,1X9,000 
1,4").S,00U 

9W,000 


British 
India.' 


Pounds. 

72,950,{X)0 
7:t,.")20,OOO 
77,9.12,000 
81, 198,  (MX) 
55,218,000 
S<),0O»,0(K) 
62,077.000  i 
73,907,000  1 


Slam. 


Pounds. 
6,511,000 
5,517,000 

(») 

(') 

(») 
5,443,457 
3,53S.246 
5,444.444 


Frciirh 
Indo-China. 


Pounds. 

7,921,000 
6,733,000 
6,313,000 
6,302,000 
6,532,000 
ti,  284, 000 
7,931,000 


'  Kxclusive  of  native  States. 
*  Figures  not  available. 

Exports. — Exports  of  domestic  cleaned  rice  increased  from 
18.223,0(10  pounds  in  1914  to  120,695,000  in  191(5,  376,876,000  in 
1919,  and  600,059,000  in  1921.  the  largest  amount  ever  exported.  In 
adtlition,  the  amount  of  domestic  rice  shipped  to  noncontiguous  ter- 
ritories has  increased  proportionately,  particularly  to  Porto  Rico  and 
the  Hawaiian  Islands.  In  1919,  150,000,000  pounds  were  shipped 
to  these  territories. 

Table  III  gives  exports  of  cleaned  rice  by  countries  of  destination. 


Table  III. — Cleaned  rice — Exports  to  leading  countries,  1920-21.^ 


1910 

1911 

1912 

191 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 


Pounds.  I      Pounds. 

58,000 

93,000 

359,000  : 

91,000  ' 

53,000  

93,000  ! 

163,000  

4.5, 774,  (XX)  '. 

14,17.3,000  32,711,00(1 

27,4.51,000  824,  (KJd 

20,141,000  ]  135,(1(1" 

40,021,000  i  1,121,(1 


1  Includes  all  rice,  most  of  which  is  cleaned. 

»  Fi.scal  years,  1910-1917;  c-alendar  years,  1918-1921. 


REPORT  OX   THE   EMERGENCY  TARIFF   ACT. 


47 


Imrnrts. — Cleaned  and  "brown"  rice  imported  for  consumption 
(See  Table  I)  amoimted  to  70,902,000  pounds  for  the  five-j^ear  pe- 
riod, 1909-1913.  In  1914  imports  for  consumption  increased  to 
126,423,000  pounds,  coincident  with  a  reduction  in  duty  by  50  per 
cent.  Through  1915,  1916,  1917,  and  1918  imports  were  approxi- 
mately two-thirds  of  the  1914  imports.  In  1919  and  1920  they  were 
57,399,000  pounds  and  50,097,000  pounds,  respectively,  or  about  25 
per  cent  of  the  1914  imports.  In  1921  36,940,000  pounds  were  im- 
ported, and  for  the  seven-month  period,  Mav  28  to  December, 
6,963,149  pounds. 

The  imposition  of  the  higher  duties  under  the  emergency  tariff 
seems  to  nave  affected  the  imports  of  cleaned  rice  more  than  un- 
cleaned  or  "browTi"  rice.  Cleaned  rice  ini])orted  for  consumption 
amounted  to  15,358,000  pounds  from  January  1  to  May  28,  1921 :  from 
May  29  to  December  31,"  1,742,000  pounds.  Imports  of  uncleaned  or 
"brown"  rice  declined  from  14,619,000  pounds  to  5,221,000  pounds  in 
the  same  period.  The  fact  that  imports  of  "brown"  rice  did  not 
decline  as  rapidly  as  of  cleaned  is  due  to  Hawaiian  imports.  The 
bulk  of  these  imports  comes  to  Hawaii  for  consumption  largely  by  the 
Japanese  and  native  population,  and  this  "browm"  rice  trade  is  not 
so  readily  changed  as  the  other.     (See  Table  I.) 

The  emergency  tariff'  act  makes  a  new  provision  for  rice  used  in 
canned  foods.  The  object  of  this  provision  seems  to  be  to  allow  the 
importation  at  a  lower  rate  of  duty  of  a  certain  variety  grown  in 
British  India,  knovra  as  patna,  which  does  not  break  down  under 
high-pressure  heat. 

Prices.— Prices  of  rice  in  New  Orleans  and  in  London  are  given  in 
Table  IV.  The  significant  feature  of  these  prices  is  the  sharp  decline 
which  came  in  the  fall  of  1920  and  continued  through  1921.  The 
low  price  at  New  Orleans  was  reached  in  May,  1921.  Beginnmg  in 
June  prices  slowly  unproved  both  in  the  domestic  and  in  international 
markets.  The  improvement  was,  however,  slightly  greater  in  this 
country. 

Table  IV. — Rice — Prices  in  New  Orleans  and  London. 
[Converted  at  current  exchange.) 


Month. 


January 

Fcbniary 

March 

April 

)   May 

I   June 

July 

August 

8epteml)er... 

Octobpr 

November... 

December... 


1919 


New 
Or- 
leans. 


80.0800 


.1120 


.0920 
.0970 
.  1087 
.1093 


London. 


Burma 
iStar. 


$0. 0557 
0557 
.  0547 
.0549 
.0579 
.  0.5fi  1 
.0558 
.0531 
.0510 
.  0510 
.0507 
.0487 


Siam. 


.0923 
.09.:!! 
.0911 
.0914 
.0892 
.0983 
.0973 
.  09J4 
.1122 
.  1122 
.1115 
.1071 


New 
Or- 
leans. 


$0.0697 
.0707 
.  1175 
.1125 
.1137 
.1150 
.1100 
.  1200 
.090(J 
.  0888 
.0588 
.0563 


London. 


Burma 
2  Star. 


$0. 0452 
.0193 
.0764 
.  0879 
.  0856 
.  0876 
.0882 
.OSiiO 
.06S;5 
.0600 
.  IW93 
.0624 


|$0. 1017 
i     .0914 


.0968 
.0914 
>.  0908 
'.0826 


1921 


London. 

New 


Or- 
leans. 

Burma 

2  Star. 

$0.0400 

80.04S2 

.  0375 

.  0303 

.0253 

.0252 

.0337 

.0324 

.0212 

.0310 

.0275 

.  0305 

.OWS 

.0278 

.  0388 

.  03'J3 

.  0101 

.  0519 

.0391 

.  04.50 

.0319 

.0160 

.a356 

Siam. 


'  $0. 0797 
1. 0751 
.  0443 
.0156 
.  0434 
.(M51 
.0414 


'  Japan  polished. 


4S 


i;i:rt)i!r  on    imik  K.MKiuiKxrv    iaiukf  act. 

LEMONS. 


i  iiiiTKi'iify  iiirill 

r:Ui>. 

s.MiMl.' l.ill                       Act  Of  1013. 

Act  of  1909. 

■    :  •  'mhI    . 

1     .    l^,l  1,;-  pcrpackago 
^      ti>    7it    (viils    per 
pui'kapc;  \  coiit  per 
pound  in  bulk. 

U  cpnts  per  pound. 

■  '    .' — • i-l 

I'lulcT  th(^  net  of  lOlli  tlio  duty  upon  lomons  avus  equivalent  to 
one-half  cent  per  pound.  The  emergency  tarifl"  increased  the  duty 
to  2  cents  per  pound. 

Pr(kluction  and  <o/<,s»///y<//(>/(. -Domestic  production  of  lemons  now 
supplies  the  normal  consumption  of  the  fresh  fruit  in  the  United 
States.  The  commercial  crop  is  produced  almost  entirely  in  Cali- 
fornia. Durinji;  the  year  (>nded  Auiijust  81,  1921,  that  State  shipped 
a  total  of  4,()();i,0()()  boxes  of  lemons.  The  average  annual  shipments 
for  the  last  live  years  have  been  well  over  3,000,000  boxes.  During 
the  calendar  year  1921  the  total  supply  of  foreign  and  domestic  lemons 
in  this  country  was  "),  129,2 15  boxes.  In  addition,  approximately 
4.000,000  boxes  are  consumed  annually  in  the  form  of  citric  acid. 

Taiu.k   I.     Lentous — Sumnmry  table. 


Year.' 

Total 
California 
shipments. 

Imports 

for  pon- 

sumption.3 

Exports. 

I911-19I4  faverasc  i 

Boxes. 
1,070, 2 -.4 
2. 133, 290 
2,7(14,840 
3.12o,o24 
2,242,8.51 
3,934,374 
3,015,870 
3  4,6(i3,000 

Bortx. 
1, 230, 2(« 
2, 2  4, 005 
1,44.3,040 
l,2';5,ir.2 
1,248,720 
1,007,270 
1,548,692 
709,928 

Boxes. 
70, 012 

191.5. 

122  914 

1916 

175,070 

1917 

174,938 

1918 

138,  Of3 

1919 

300,916 

1920 

293,050 

1921 

304,313 

I  Imports  for  consumption  and  exports  are  shown  for  fiscal  year  from  191 1-1918;  calendar  years  1919-1921, 
-  Lemon.s  were  entered  in  paekace.s  of  varying  ."^ize  under  the  ait  of  1913,  but  most  of  the  imports  were 
ret'eived  in  bo\c<  the  contents  of  whi^'h  exceede.l  II  l)ui  dil  not  exceed  2\  cubic  feet. 
3  Shiipments  from  i'alif<irnia  durinj;  the  year  ended  .Vuf;.  .'51.  1921 .    Other  shipment  year.s  end  Jime  3 ). 

Import, -i. — Imports  for  consumption  for  the  three  quarters,  June, 
1921,  to  Marcji.  1922,  inclusive,  amounted  to  51.624.3(33  pounds, 
or  688,325  bo.xes.  Imports  for  consumption  for  a  similar  period 
during  the  preceding  year  were  677,172  boxes.  This  shows  for  the 
two  periods  an  increase  in  imports  of  11,153  boxes  following  the 
enactment  of  the  emergency  tariff,  by  which  the  duty  was  increased 
from  a  specific  duty  per  box  based  upon  a  rate  of  one-half  cent  per 
pound  to  a  straight  duty  of  2  cents  per  pound.  This  increase  in 
impi^rts  was  due  to  the  unprecedented  demand  caused  by  the  ex- 
tremely wjirm  weather  during  the  months  of  June  and  July  over 
practically  the  whole  country.  The  available  domestic  supply  was 
not  suflicient  to  meet  the  demand.  Wholesalers  had  few  lemons  in 
stock,  and  only  small  (juantities  of  foreign  lemons  were  in  transit 
during  the  <'(insi(leiation  of  the  emergencv  tariif. 


REPORT   ON    TFIE    EiMERGENC'Y    TARIFF    ACT. 


49 


Table  II. — Lemons — Imports  by  countries. 


Year.* 

Total. 

Italy. 

Spain. 

AU  other. 

i?10-191 4  (average) 

$3,954,652 
3,730,075 
2,062,030 
2,163,583 
2,179,211 
2, 437, 802 
2,904,529 
1,229,671 

$.3,914,901 
3, 692,  .516 
2,0.57,693 
2, 143,  .520 
2,1.53,896 
2,418,896 
2,898,498 
1,216,  .372 

$2,749 
22,263 

390 
15,  .t05 
20,410 
1.5.381 

948 

$37,002 

1915 

15,29t> 

1910 

3,947 

1917 

4,55.H 

1918 

6.3,496 

1919 

3, 52.'-. 

1920  .                              

5,os:5 

1921 

13,299 

»  FLscal  yo.irs.  1910-1918;  calendar  years.  1919-1921. 

Table  III. — Lemons — General  imports  by  months. 


Month. 


January 

Februarj... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November . 
December.. 


Total. 


Quantity.i       Value, 


$1.56,229 
82,251 
343,526 
305,747 
357,870 
537, 102 
337,543 
456,387 
67, 754 
131,635 
44,142 
84,343 


1921 


1922 


Quantity.  !     Value,     j  Quantity. 


5,652,664 
13,918,639 
9. 5.59, 305 
3,445,48X 
4,, 346., 506 
2,484,790 
1,008,274 


.'?67,232 
32.369 

V5.76^ 
■.i^,.517 

'.M,ti:i0 
:',04,l).5S 
L'!2.440 
UK),  116 
105.639 
•54,669 
24,491 


Pounds. 
2,269,215 
4,011. 63.S 
10,523.672 
8,880,499 


Value. 


129,339 
.)3,5(M> 
167,280 
142,496 


2,904, .529    :     1,229,671 


1  Quantities  not  reported. 

The  present  bearing  acreage  in  California  is  about  33,000  acres, 
with  approximately  17,000  acres  of  nonbearing  trees,  which  in  a  short 
time  will  increase  the  supply  of  fresh  fruit  to  an  amount  in  excess  of 
present  demands.  Exports  of  the  domestic  crop  dming  the  calendar 
year,  1921,  amounted  to  304,313  boxes.    They  went  chiefly  to  Canada. 

CITRIC    ACID. 

The  cliief  by-product  of  lemons  is  citric  acid,  and  the  citric  acid 
industry,  in  which  both  foreign  and  domestic  fruit  and  imported 
citrate  of  lime  are  used,  has  been  developed  in  this  country  largely 
since  1915.  In  1919,  a  total  of  3,163,700  pounds  of  citric  acid  was 
manufactured  in  the  United  States.^  Only  about  000,000  pounds, 
or  approximately  20  per  cent  of  this  amount,  was  produced  from  do- 
mestic grown  lemons.  The  average  annual  consumption  of  citric  acid 
in  the  United  States  nrevious  to  1920  is  estimated  to  have  been  about 
6,000,000  pounds.'' 

Imports  for  consumption  of  citric  acid,  and  imports  of  citrate  of 
lime,  from  which  citric  acid  is  manufactured,  are  shown  in  the  follow- 
ing table: 


Tablk  l\. — Citric  arid 

and  ritnttr 

of  lilitf- 

— Imports  for 

consumption. 

Fiscal  year. 

Citric  acid. 

Pounds. 
193.613 
722, 4;i4 
171,877 
157. 5:8 

Citrate  of 
lime. 

Pounds. 
4, 776,  we 
6,242,214  1 
8,127,304 
6,361, 4.')S 

191  s 

'"iscal  year. 

Citric  acid. 

Citrate  of 
lime. 

11I10-1914 

Pounds. 
106,390 
1,224,591 
1.317, 467 

Poundn. 
4,013,600 

1915 

191911.          

<J,*i4,;i;ji) 
10  4(M>.  191' 

1916. 

1920  « 

1917 

1921  ".. 

',)SS,  I16'.> 

o  Calendar  year. 

'  Census  tiKiircs. 

•Brief  file<l  with  Conimiiteeon  Ways  and  Mean."  by  lemon  growers  of  Califdinia  ,  Februury,  1921. 


50  i;i;i'i>Ki'  ON    nil'.  K.\ii:ii(ii,Ncv    takii'k  aci'. 

A  ton  of  lemons  will  |>r(ulu(V  n|)pr()\iinjit<>ly  -10  pounds  of  ritric 
luul  jind  ()  pounds  of  lemon  oil.  Two  pounds  of  citrute  of  lime  jiie 
re(|uired  to  produce  1  pound  (»f  citi'ic  acid.  Culiforniu  is  now  nhl*^ 
to  p''oduee  all  tho  fiH'sli  fruit  i<'(piired  for  domestic  use  if  none  of 
tho  erop  is  converted  into  hv-products,  hut  H.ssuming  thnt  donie-^tif 
iY(inirements  of  citric  ncid  will  in  tlu>  futui-e  jiv(>ra<^e  uhont  6,00(),()(M) 
piumds  nnnuully,  it  will  he  neccssnry  to  douhlo  our  ])rescnt  produc- 
tion of  U'nions. 

F(>ni(jii  production. — Except  for  Culifornia's  production,  Italy 
piiU'ticnlly  supplies  the  world  with  lemons.  In  1913  the  total  pi<>- 
duction  of  lemons  in  Italy  was  estimated  at  474,000  tons  iind  in 
l'.)I4,  471, ()()()  tons.  .Vllowinijj  75  pounds  of  fruit  to  the  hox,  tlui 
production  of  lemons  for  the.se  two  years  was  equivalent  to  12,051,000 
Doxes  and  12,549,000  hoxes,  respectively.^ 

Approximately  St  per  cent  of  the  crop  was  grown  in  Sicily.  Italy's 
average  annual  production  at  the  present  time  is  estimated  by  the 
California  Citrus  League  at  18.000,000  hoxes.  Of  this  total',  the 
league  estimates  that  about  7.000,000  boxes  are  exported  as  fresli  fruit 
and  that  an  ecpial  amount  is  utilized  in  the  manufacture  of  lemon 
hy-})roducts.  Spain  is  the  next  most  important  lemon-producing 
country,  the  chief  producing  district  being  the  Malaga  district.  Pro- 
duction of  lemons  in  this  distri(;t  in  1920  amounted  to  between  200,000 
and  210,000  boxes  of  approximately  60  kilograms  (132  pounds)  each. 

Frright  and  ocean  rates. — The  present  rail  rate  on  lemons  from 
California  to  all  points  in  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains is  a  uniform  blanket  rate  of  SI. 50  per  100  pounds  in  carload  lots 
or  the  equivalent  of  SI. 26  per  box.  Lemon  growers  are  more  con- 
cerned with  freight  rates  than  any  other  group  of  producers  in  Cali- 
fornia for  the  reason  that  the  tonnage  per  acre  of  the  lemon  crop  is 
much  greater  than  for  any  other  fruit.  i\ji  acre  of  lemons  yields 
between  one-third  and  one-half  more  tonnage  than  an  acre  of  oranges. 

The  ocean  rate  on  lemons  from  Italy  to  New  York  varies  as  west- 
bound ships  are  in  need  of  cargo,  but  is  at  present  around  55  cents 
per  box  of  about  70  pounds.  To  this  must  be  added  other  charges, 
such  as  lighterage,  insurance,  wharfage,  cooperage,  and  other  small 
fees.  As  the  importer  ships  his  lemons  west,  he  has  to  pay  a  pro- 
gressively higher  freight  rate.  Following  are  the  current  freight 
rates  per  hundredweight  and  per  box  (84  pounds)  from  the  port  of 
New  York  to  several  points  in  tne  Middle  West: 


Rate  per    ^  . 
hundred-  ^TfJ'*"^ 
wei^t.  i     '^"-^• 


New  York  to  Pittsburgh I      $0,565  »0.  47 

New  Vork  to  Chicago .76    !  .64 

New  Ydrk  to  .St.  Louis ;         .  »9    |  .75 


Upon  a  standard  California  box  of  75  pounds,  therefore,  the  im- 
ported lemon  would  pay  around  $2.25  for  duty,  freight,  and  other 
expenses,  without  allowing  anything  to  the  foreign  grower.  The  do- 
mestic lemon  usually  commands  a  price  premium  of  around  75  cents 
to  $1  per  box  (see  Table  V). 

1  United  .States  Department  of  Agriculture  Bulletin  No.  483,  Statistics  of  Fruits  in  Principal  Countries, 
by  H.  D.  Ruddiman. 


REPORT   ON    THE    EMERGEiSTCY   TARIFF    ACT. 


51 


Imported  lemons  do  not  usually  penetrate  farther  west  than  the 
Mississippi  River,  at  which  line  the  advantages  of  the  Italian  fruit  in 
cheaper  transportation  and  costs  of  production  are  met  by  the 
California  product.  Competitive  conditions  are  keenest  in  the  big 
consuming  markets  near  the  eastern  seaboard.  The  California 
shipper  has  a  steadier  market  in  the  West  and  can  dispose  of  his  higher 
grade  lemons  there  to  better  advantage;  his  second  and  third  grades 
are  kept  for  the  more  highly  competitive  markets  in  the  East.  The 
imported  lemons  are  sold  at  auction,  and  the  business  is  an  extremely 
speculative  one,  dependmg  on  weather  and  other  conditions. 

Prices. — Prices  of  California  lemons  reached  an  unprecedented 
high  mark  during  the  summer  of  1921,  selling  as  high  as  $15  per  box, 
while  $10  and  $12  a  box  were  not  unusual  prices.  Imported  lemons 
also  sold  higher  than  ever  before,  ranging  from  S7  to  $12  per  box. 
Consumers  paid  from  $0.75  to  $1.25  per  dozen  for  lemons.  This 
unusual  situation,  therefore,  rather  upset  expected  results  of  the 
increased  tariff  so  far  as  amount  of  imports  was  concerned. 

Table  V  shows  the  average  monthly  price  at  all  auction  sales  of 
California  lemons  and  foreign  lemons  at  New  York.  It  will  be  ob- 
served that  these  averages,  by  months  are  considerably  lower  than 
the  peak  Drices  mentioned  in  the  preceding  paragraph. 

Table  V. — Lemons— Average  monthly  prices  {auction  sales,  per  box). 


1920 

1921 

1922 

Month. 

Cali- 
fornia 
lemons 
at  New 
York. 

Foreign 
lemons 
at  New 
York. 

Cali- 
fornia 
lemons 
at  New 
York. 

Foreign 
lemons 
at  New 
York. 

Cali- 
fornia 
lemons 
at  New 
York. 

Foreign 
lemons 
at  New 
York. 

January 

$1.31 
4.79 
2.66 
2.22 
1.91 
2.64 
1.93 
3.26 
2.41 
4.93 
2.81 
3.12 

$2.85 
4.45 
2.37 
2.07 
2.14 
2.27 
1.74 
1.98 
1.70 
2.69 
1.24 
2.03 

83.49 
3.53 
3.11 
2.61 
4.15 
7.23 
8.63 
3.79 
6.01 
4.86 
3.42 
4.20 

$2.44 
2.68 
1.73 
2.20 
2.94 
7.42 
6.67 
3.45 
4.60 
2.63 
2.19 
3.63 

$4.38 
4.72 
4.19 
3.85 

$4  23 

4  41 

March 

2  97 

April 

2  95 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

VEGETABLE  OILS. 


Article. 


Emergency  tariff 
rate. 


Senate  bill. 


Act  of  1913. 


Act  of  1909. 


OUs: 


Peanut 

Cottonseed 

Coconut 

Hova  bean 

Olive— 

In  bulk 

In  containers  of  less 

than  .*)  gallons. 

Weighing  with 

the  container 

less  than  44 

pounds. 


26  cents  per  gallon . 
20  cents  pcir  gallon. 
20  cents  per  gallon. 
20  cents  per  gallon. 

40  cents  per  gallon. 

.50  cents  per  gallon. 


4  cents  per  pound.. 

3  cents  per  pound.. 

4  cents  per  poinid.. 
3 cents  per  pound.. 

40  cents  per  gallon. 


50  cents  per  gallon , 


6  cents  per  gallon. 

Free 

Free 

Free 


20  cents  per  gallon. 
30  cents  per  gallon. 


Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 

40    cents    per 

gallon. 
50    cents     per 

gallon. 


52 


itKPDiM'  (»N    rm:  imi:i{(;i;n('\    iaiiii'k  m"\\ 


(iENKKAI.    DISCISSION. 

In  tlioir  \  ill  ions  iist«s  ('(H-diiut.  cotliMisood,  poiiniit,  mikI  soya-boan 
oils  aiT  all  inoro  or  loss  iiit(M"chati{xt'al)K\  osfiocinlly  since  t\\o  extonsivo 
dovolopnitMit  of  tho  process  of  luirdoninjj;  oils  hv  liydi'osjcnation.  The 
same  intcirc^liition  is  true  to  a  hvsscr  extent  with  respect  to  the  coin- 
petilion  i^f  tiiese  oils.  l>oth  as  raw  niateriids  nnd  as  linished  pioducts, 
with  nninial  fats  as  in  the  case  of  soap  stock,  lard,  and  butter.  In 
nianv  instances,  however,  these  oils  have  preferential  uses. 

Durinj::  the  war  there  was  an  acute  shortaije  of  fats  in  Europe.  To 
suj>ply  this  demand  tiie  Ignited  States  imported  huge  cjuantities  of 
oil  seeds  and  oils,  which  were  crushed  or  relined  in  domestic  mills,  and 
exported  to  Europe  as  oils,  soaps,  foodstuff's,  or  glycerin.  With  the 
decline  in  trade  following  the  signing  of  the  armistice  this  condition 
of  alfairs  changed  and  the  domestic  industry  suffered  a  severe  setback, 
which  was  furiher  accentuated  by  the  return  to  peace-time  activities 
of  European  nations.  These  countries  have  taken  steps  to  develop  the 
immense  vegetal)le  oil  resources  of  their  colonial  possessions.  Europe 
is  almost  wholly  dependent  upon  foreign  sources  for  its  requirements 
of  oil-bearing  materials;  it  has  been  estimated  tliat  before  the  war 
it  took  So  per  cent  of  the  total  quantities  entering  foreign  trade,  and 
our  domestic  industry  must  meet  the  competition  not  atone  in  secur- 
ing raw  materiaJs,  but  also  in  marketing  tlie  finished  product. 

Tabi.k  l.—  Vegetuhle  oils- — Imports,  hji  months. 
[000  omitted.] 


.lauuiiry.. 
Fel)ruar\- 
March..:. 

April 

May 

June 


July 

Augu.st 

Sept<>mbcr. 

Octoljer 

November. 
Dccemlx;r. . 


.lauuar}'.. 
Febniary 
March..".. 

April 

.May 

Juiie 


July 

August 

.SeptemVjer. 

Oclolier 

November. 
December. . 


January... 
February . 
March 


Date. 


Cocoimt.    Cottonseed.     Peanut 


Poimds. 
22.942 
.30.  S9.^ 
11.329 
35.915 
1 1. 6.37 
12. 949 
26.  20.5 
12, 776 
11,5.54 
16. 7.59 
S,442 
11,917 


22  .52.5 
24!  100 
32, 998 


Potmds. 

1,768 
493 
1,4.55 
1.297 
1.1K)5 
2, 789 
438 

48' 

91 
35 
32 


111 
271 
.52 
145 
28 
.56 


Potindn. 

4,887 

9,196 

21,022 

21 , 348 

H,  953 

13,984 

3, 747 

5, 282 

t).  5.59 

410 

76(1 

205 


1H2 
167 
220 
3,57 
205 
2.58 
•258 


129 
182 
91 

S74 


213 

167 


Soya  bean. 


Pounds. 

8,371 
14, 102 
18,451 
14,990 

12'.  sas 

10,841 
10,646 
10.376 
7,1,S4 
226 
2. 01 1 
2,113 


1,000 
2,116 
7, 032 
5, 073 
1,,544 
.509 


1,014 


REPOirr  ox    rnK  emergency  taiuff  act. 


53 


Table  II.—  V'tijetable  oib — Erports.  by  months 

(()(«  omit  ted. I 


Date. 


Coconut. 


1920. 

January , 

I-  ebruary 

M  arch , 

April , 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1921. 

Januar  y 

February 

March . ." 

April 

May 

June .' 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1922. 

January 

February 

March 

April 


Pounds. 


003 

:ns 

;«3 

501 

014 

098 

985  ! 

.527 

492 

556 

;isi 

27S 


Cotton  seed. 


1,374  . 
1,010  I 

866 
1,0.36 


Pounds. 

17,030 

20,318 

22,022 

19, 475 

11,6.55 

11,272 

3.681 

2.663 

4,  S49 

7,499 

22, 869 

41,421 


191 

70,  UK) 

462  i 

;i9,6S9 

307 

36,389 

559  I 

20,997 

643  1 

18,948 

960 

14, 162 

945 

7,290 

407  ! 

5, 155 

988 

7,544 

123  1 

10,0.'J5 

320  1 

10,  .342 

•294 

11.919 

Peanut.      Soya  bean. 


11,127 
9,097 
9,6.55 
4. 135 


268 

27 
1.30 

8-1 
1.50 

91 
103 
246 
155 
•292 

25 
137 


260 
26 

3.54 
82 


.  274 
62 
27 
8 
211 
91 
i>2 

3 

3 


181 
63 


Table  III. — Animal  fats  and  oils — Domestic  exports,  by  months. 
[000  omitted.] 


Date. 


1920 

JaiHiary 

Feliriiairv 

March..". 

.\pril 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

Octol  er 

Novemler 

])ecemljer 

1921 , 

January 

February 

March 

Aiiril 

May 

Jurie 

July 

August 

Se|)t,einber , 

October , 

November 

December 

1922, 

January 

February 

March 

April 


Neutral 
lard. 


Pounds. 

.595 
525 
3.572 
2;93S 
4,598 
2, 104 
1,883 
1,177 
1 ,  S72 
1,672 
1,093 
1 ,  •20S 


3,6-24 
2,844 
1,067 
1,16:} 
2,703 
2,237 
1,471 
2,616 
2,789 
1,184 
738 
1,513 


1,279 
■2,571 
1,2.56 
1,270 


Pounds. 

.38,824 
36,645 
69,430 
40,758 
55,544 
45,070 
47,061 
31,021 
46,326 
.54,174 
.57,316 
90,080 


76, 185 
91,841 
82,617 
.53,275 
48,604 
67,6.56 
^<3,329 
87,411 
104,741 
.56, 886 
.51,8.55 
64,.5;{.3 


73, 194 
75,520 
(>4,377 
42,459 


Oleooil.    <   Butler. 


Pounds.    I    Pounds. 


1,136 

1,885 
2,082 

613 
1,007 
1,968 
2,  .327 
1,960 

947 
1,912 
1 , 6,59 
3,197 


1,326  i 

S33 
1,020 
459 
426  < 
779  1 
1,2.39  ; 
1,349  I 
.3,.3'20  , 
1,601  1 
751  I 
697  I 


l,S7S 
1,774 
4,278 
2.497 


3,816 
.3,2;)8 
6,551 
7,704 

10,593 
4,0.36 
3,Si3 
3, 743 
.5,819 

10,  .580 
7,492 
6, 943 


1.5,088 
9,2.50 
8,348 
12,220 
13,145 
9,9.52 
13,091 
13, 190 
11,685 
8,  .328 
6,. 529 
6,970 


4,7.89 
s,04S 
10,159 

8, 895 


Pounds. 

1,.VJ9 

4,294 

6,397 

779 

H.H7 
(iiOi 


436 
327 
384 
306 
.505 


.576 
969 
1,3,55 
1,107 
647 
641 

rm 

435 
376 
164 
ISO 

■i:t!i 


.5.39 
.5(K) 
673 
U'22 


54 


KKPoK'r  (>.\    riii:  kmi:iu;i:n«  v    iauiif  act, 


Tal)los  1,11,  !in«l  111  show  (hat  siiico  tUo  passage  of  tho  onicrgeucy 
tariir  act  tluMM^  ha-;  luvn.  wiiii  the  exception  of  coconut,  oil,  a  t!;cncral 
fallini;  oil'  of  iinpiu'ts  of  vci^ctahlc  oils  with,  ho\vcv(>r,  a  sli(j:ht  imnrovo- 
nu'nl  i!i  1'.>"J"J, except  in  the  case  of  cottonseetl  oil.  Similarly,  altliono;h 
less  proiuninctHl.  there  has  occurred  a  (lecrease  in  lh(>  (loniestic  expiM'ts 
of  vei^etahle  oils:  and  the  domestic  (>xj)or(s  of  animal  fats  aiul  oils 
have  increased  since  the  passa<;e  oi  this  tarill"  act  by  appro.xinuitely 
as  much  as  the  vej^etahle  oil  exports  lup'e  decreased.  The  chief  in- 
crease in  the  shipments  of  animal  fats  has  been  to  (Jermany  since  the 
resumption  of  commerv  ial  relations  with  that  country,  which  prior 
to  the  war,  was  the  larjj:ost  buver  of  domestic  fats. 

in  1021,  Spain,  P>anoe,  and  Italy  increased  tlieir  duties  on  im- 
ports of  veo;etal)lo  oils,  the  duties  iii  the  case  of  Franco  applying  to 
cottonseed  and  soya  hean  oil  oriirinatin;;  in  the  United  States. 

PEAXIT    OIL. 


Peanut  oil  is  similar  in  properties  and  uses  to  cottonseed  oil,  but 
owins;  to  its  superior  Cjuality  and  taste  it  crenerally  commands  a 
hijzher  price.  AVith  the  exception  of  the  "  off  "  grades  and  foots,  which 
enter  into  soap  makino;,  it  is  used  chiefly  for  edible  purposes,  such  as 
salad  oils,  oleomargarine  and  lard  substitutes,  for  which  it  commands 
a  distinctive  market,  competing  with  olive  oil,  the  higher  grades  of 
cottonseed  oil,  and  coconut  oil,  and  as  finished  products,  with  lard 
and  butter. 

In  the  United  States  peanuts  are  grown  primarily  for  food  and 
confectionery  purposes.  Only  the  culls  and  small  sizes  of  Virginia 
peanuts  and  a  small  proportion  of  the  Spanish  or  oil  peanuts  else- 
where grown  are  crushed  for  oil.  The  great  bulk  of  the  Spanish  crop 
is  used  for  forage  purposes.  \Mien  the  price  of  peanut  oil  is  suffi- 
ciently high  some  of  the  Spanish  peanuts  are  diverted  to  the  oil  trade. 

Table  IV  shows  the  ratio  of  production  to  exports  and  to  consump- 
tion, and  the  ratio  of  imports  to  consumption.  The  outstanding  fea- 
ture of  the  table  is  the  large  decrease  in  the  ratio  of  imports  to  con- 
sumption in  1921,  and  the  corresponding  increase  in  the  ratio  of 
roduction  to  consumption. 

Table  IV. — Peanut  oil — Summanj  table. 
[OOD  omitted.] 


Domes- 
tic ex-   Imports.- 
ports. 

H  alio  of— 

Year. 

Domestic 
production.' 

Domestic  con- 
sumption. 

Produc- 
tion to 
exports. 

Imports 
to  con- 
sump- 
tion. 

Pro- 
duction 
to  con- 
sump- 
tion. 

1915 

Pound-r 

Pounds.   Poundx. 

fi  47.5 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent- 

1916 

2S..5.34             1      ll/ilO 

.50,499             22,998 

9.5. 934               62. 989 

1917 

191X 

1919 

1920 

1921 

Crude. 
87,607 
13,085 
33,234 

Refined. 

184,604 
73,460 
34,200 

»  4, 342        1.50, 104 
1,425         !>0,.391 
1,708           3,062 

Crude. 

212,3.53 
85,068 
42,543 

Refined. 
190,176 
79,291 
34,686 

1.6 
1.6 
2.5 

39 

59 

4 

6'< 
53 

87 

'  Largely  from  imported  peanuts. 

«  Converted  at  rate  of  7.6  pounds  to  the  gallon. 

•July  l-Dec.31. 


REPORT    OX    THE    EMERGENCY    TARIFF    ACT. 


55 


linp'^rts  (if  peanut  oil  ai'o  nejirly  nil  from  China  and  Japan  (Table  W). 
The  volume  ol  the  ihiport  trade  declined  very  much  in  the  latter  hall' 
of  1920.  There  was  no  immediate  further  decrease  until  two  months 
after  the  passao'e  of  the  emergency  tariff  act  (Table  VI).  l^ecember, 
1921,  however,  had  the  largest  imports  since  September.  1920.  Total 
imports  in  1921  were,  approximately,  3  p>?r  cent  of  those  for  1920. 
Among  the  factors  mfkiencmg  this  decreased  trade  were  famine  con- 
ditions in  (  hina  during  1921,  a  larger  domestic  production  in  1921 
than  in  1920,  the  vrorld-wide  business  depression,  and  the  low  prices 
of  cottonseed  oil  and  lard  during  1921.  Of  the  imports  of  p 'aiuits, 
no  distirction  is  made  between  those  for  confectionery  and  for  oil- 
cru-hing  purposes.  The  ultimate  channel  of  trade  into  whicii  they 
enter  is  inlluenced  by  the  prevailing  prices.  Most  of  the  oil  nuts  are 
imported  from  Spain. 

Exports  of  peanut  oil  (Tables  II  and  lY)  have  not  shown  any  material 
<'hange  since  the  emergency  tariff  went  into  effect. 

The  price  of  crude  peanut  oil  (Table  VII)  follows  the  general  trend 
of  that  of  crude  cottonseed  oil.  While  normally  exceeding  tlie  latter, 
the  converse  situation  prevailed  during  a  large  part  of  1921.  Prices 
of  rehned  peanut  oil  have  constantly  remained  above  those  of  refined 
cotton.see(i  oil. 


T.w. 


-I'eanal  oil — Inpoiis'  by  cowrilritf. 
[000  omit  ted.  I 


Year. 

Toial. 

France. 

Cerniany. 

Netlier- 
lands. 

China. 

.Tapan. 

1912-1014 

(avera':;e)  - 

Pom;?  (is. 

S  'W7 

'•|,475 

1!.'210 

22.y9K 

>i2,9H9 

).'.''..104 

.^•■■,301 

3, 0.->5 

Pounds. 

3,'iS(> 

2,S42 

1.77S 

-      1,330 

Pounds. 

1,940 

304 

Pounds. 
1,938  ■ 
l,.ioO 

1211 

S 

Pounds. 

251 

1.094 

2,098 

4,492 

2.5,262 

4S,237 

10,S19 

30 

Pound*. 

1915 

JPlli 

5,373 

1917 

14,470 

IfiLS 

3.'>,  188 

i;»19 

93,890 

3920.    . 

30 

S4 
HI 

70,308 

1921 

8 

'  Ciallorij;  con  verted  to  pound.s  by  iactor  7.6. 
'  Part  (iiitiaVle:  fart  .roe 


Table   V'l. — Pfanul.  oil — General  bnQorta^  by  months. 
liKAi  omitted  I 


.January.. 
February 

March 

April 

May 

■luiie 

.Inly 


Pounds.\Pounds, 

824  I     4,892 


626 
818 
794 
fi.09 
592 
499 


9,197 
21,024 
21,340 

8, 9.56 
13,980 

a.  748 


1921 

1922 

1 

Pov/nds. 
1S4 
172 

227 
361 

•ao 

262 
264 

Pounds. 

185  1 
42  ; 

1 

Month. 


August 

Septomber. 

October 

November. 
December. . 

Total 


Pounds. 
409 
491 
.507 
Sio 
647 


7,387 


Pounds. 

4,9S6 

6,.5<i3 

410 

707 

212 


92, 347 


Pounds. 
83 
131 

188 
95 
878 


3,060 


Pounds. 


'  Converted  to  pniind'^  hv  th<'  'actor  7  i 


5G  i;k!'<»ht  on    rm:  KMKiuir.Ncv  taimii    m-w 

'l".\m  \    \  1 1 .      I'mnut  oil — Aienif;c  price  /;<■/•  pound. 

Cru.lo 

l>atc  I    f.  <).  1). 

mills. 


1921:  Ciitx. 

.Iaiiiiar\         /.  0 

Kcbniarv f(.  4 

March «.  0 

April .-..7 

May .■>.  9 

June (i.  1 

July 6.1 

August 7. ;{ 

September 7.7 

f  )ptober .■<.  4 

November 7.7 

Hcember 7.8 

1922: 

.lamiary 7.  7 

Februarv 8.5 

Marcli 10.2 

April 10.2 


J:jMii:»ry 

I'obninrv 

Manh 

April 

Mav 

.1(1110 

riiiv 
Aliens  I 
September 
i)i-t,ihor 
.\o\  ember, 
Dec-ember 


Renm-d 

doineslii-. 

New 

York. 


Crnm. 
12. :. 
12..". 
11.  i» 
10.  .1 
lU  5 
10.1 
10.1) 
10.2 
10.7 
11.2 
U.I) 
11... 

11..^ 
11.4 
12.1 
13.0 


■  Nominal 


COTTONSEED    OIL 


TIh'  I'nitod  .States  pi-oduces  approximately  M)  per  cent  of  the 
world'.-^  cottonseed  oil.  and  by  virtue  of  this  comrnanding  position 
domiaiates  the  international  markets  for  this  commodity.  The  oil 
prodiic«»d  in  the  United  States  is  derived  wholly  from  domestic  cotton- 
-seed.  Small  amounts  of  oil  and  of  cottonseed  liave  been  imported 
in  the  past. 

Cottonseed  oil  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  lard  substitutes,  oleo- 
margarine, soaps,  and  table  oils.  The  process  of  hydrogenating  cot- 
tonseed oil.  by  which  a  solid  fat  is  obtained,  brings  it  into  (competi- 
tion with  lard,  butter,  oleostearin,  ajid  tallow.  High  quality  cot- 
tonseed oil  competes  with  olive,  corn,  and  peanut  oils,  while  the 
'"off"  grades  compete  with  other  low-grade  vegetable  oils  and  soap- 
making  fats  and  fish  oils. 

T  \ r.i.K  VIII. — I  'ottoriseed  oil — Sanva<tni  table. 
((KIO  omitted ) 


]>oiries- 
lic 

C'X- 

porl  -. 

Jinporl^. 

Ratio  of— 

. .                     !  'onii'  t  if  TiT(>- 
'  ^"'                      .liiftion. 

Con-unipiion. 

Pro-    i     Im- 
duc-    1   ports 

lion  to  ;  to  con- 
e.x-       vump- 

ports.   1    tion. 

Pro- 
du.-- 
tion 

to  COIl- 

sumjv 
lion. 

1910-1914  (W-  1          Pitunls. 
erauej ■            iH.5.03.) 

Pmtniit. 
271. 42« 
:<1S.:<W 

PimniK. 

1  7..HH'-. 

i:..  I'-.i: 

!7,1M' 
U,-ny. 
14,291 

27.s<l.^ 

9.1.^7 

Jiutiable         Free. 

(ifi8 

P'liiniif. 

Poiinh. 

Per  ct.   Per  ct. 
42 

Perct. 

191.1 :.. 

1 

1916 1         1.492.i:«t 

2>)';..512 
1.''S.911 
100.779 

19:i.  i:« 
im.7.t:{ 

2.->2.  .-.91 

is! 

1917 l.34:j,.S49 

12 

191S l.2J«.S2:{ 

8 

Crude.;  Itcfinwl. 

1919 1.429.»4!5;l,ie9.«01 

1920 1,142,671,    979.742 

1921 Il, 277.0291. 191. 79« 

Crude. 
I,:tl7,7is 
1,13.3,777 

l,302,69fi 

Refined. 
900.008 
676,902 

895.033 

7!              1 
9i 
i 
10 

u: 

117 
Hi 

•  1912-1914,  inclu'^ive. 
Source,  .SurA-ey  and  C.  4  N. 


REPORT    ON    THE    EMERGENCY    TARIFF    ACT, 


57 


Table  VIII  indicates  the  commanding  position  of  the  United  States 
with  respect  to  cottonseed  oil.  Domestic  production  has  been  in 
excess  of  1,000,000,000  pounds  annually  since  1916.  Except  during 
the  war  years,  when  every  effort  was  made  to  ship  large  quantities 
of  oils  to  Europe,  domestic  consumption  has  almost  equaled  produc- 
tion, leaving  an  exportable  surplus  of  7  to  8  per  cent.  The  ratio  of 
imports  to  consumption  has  never  exceeded  1  or  2  per  cent.  Im- 
ports of  cottonseed  oil  have  never  exceeded  a  small  fraction  of 
domestic  production  or  exports.  Since  the  emergency  tariff  was 
enacted,  imports  of  cottonseed  oil  have  ceased  entu-ely.  Formerly 
imports  were  chiefly  from  China,  Japan,  and  England,  as  shown  in 
Table  IX. 

There  have  been  imports  of  cottonseed,  chiefly  from  Mexico,  but 
they  were  insignificant  compared  with  domestic  production.  The 
United  States  maintams  an  export  basis  with  respect  to  this  com- 
modity.    Quarantines  prevent  imports  from  other  sources. 

Table  IX.^ — Cottonseed  oil — Imports  by  countries. 
[000  omitted.] 


Year." 

Total. 

Englajad. 

China. 

•Tapan. 

1912-1914  (average) 

Pounds. 
7, 396 
15, 162 
17, 180 
13,703 
14, 291 
27,805 
9,457 
668 

Pounds. 
2,182 
771 
31 

Pounds. 

4,513 
10, 870 
13, 288 

9, 156 

9,063 
15, 676 

3, 155 

Pounds. 

1915 

50 

1916 

1  784 

1917 

2;251 
1  837 

1918 

1919 

4  779 

1920 

4'  i25 

1921 

1 



Fiscal  years,  1912-19IS;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

Table  X. — Cottonseed  oil — Imports  by  months. 
[000  omitted.) 


Month. 


January... 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October. . . 
November, 
December. 


Pounds. 
1, 518 

823 
1,.504 
1.084 
1,442 
1,.544 
2,891 
1,023 
1,067 
1,974 
1,229 

727 


1920 

1921 

1922 

Pounds. 
1,768 

Pounds. 
114 
271 

52 
145 
28 
.50 

Pounds. 

493 

1,4.55 

1,297 

1,005 

2,  789 

438 

48 



91 

35 

32 

Exports  of  cottonseed  oil  have  been  chiefly  to  the  Netherlands, 
United  Kingdom,  and  Canada.  After  the  emergency  tariff  went  itito 
effect  exports  dechned  materially.  It  should  be  noted,  however,  tluit 
this  followed  an  unusually  short  cotton  crop. 


58 


HKJ'OUT    (IN"     riir.    KMKKCr.XCY    T.MllI  r    ACT, 


Tadle  XI, — Cottonseed  oil  — Ea parts  liy  countries. 
|()(K)<iinin(<<l.| 


Yi'ar.' 


ToUil. 


Poundx. 

1910-I9H  (average) 27I.42.S 

1915 .■}ls,.V)«i 

laiti 2i-.(i,  .'-.12 

1917 J  .VS,  91 1 

191.S UK),  779 

1919 193,133 

1930 i  184,753 

1921 252,691 


Germany.!    Italy 


Pound*. 

13,184 

(12 


PoundJi. 

27,558 

15,782 

9, 424 

3tl3 


3,257 
7,240 


9,551 
22,97<i 
23,285 


Nether- 
lands. 


Ponnds. 

.18,2.58 
90,979 
5!i,981 
28,034 


30,377 
34,622 
92,119 


Norway. 

United 
Kingdom 

Poundn. 

Pounds. 

7,  .51 2 

39,8.32 

2fi,442 

84,  .378 

31,055 

32,112 

33,591 

14,172 

572 

27,888 

15,f.2G 

37,814 

13,530 

12,917 

12,628 

16,530 

Canaihi. 


Pounds. 
21,345 
20,578 
35, 420 
40,902 
40,  a59 
39,()()2 
45,053 
45,072 


'  Fiscal  years,  1910-1914;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 


Table  XII. — Cottonseed  oil — Exports  by  months. 
[000  omitted.] 


Date. 


Total. 


1920.  Pounds. 

Januarv 17,  ():!0 

Febriiarv -JO, Ms 

March 22, 02L' 

April 19,47j 

May j  ll,G.">5 

June 11,272 

July 3,081 

Aupust 2,  (i63 

September |  4,849 

October 7,499 

November !  22,S69 

December 41,421 

1921. 

Januarj' 70,100 

February ;.;»,689 

March iib,  3S9 

April 20,997 

Mav IS,  948 

Juiie 11, 102 

July 7,290 

Aujaist 5,155 

September 7,544 

October 10,055 

November 10,342 

December 11,919 


1922. 

January 11 ,  427 

February |  9, 097 

March . .". i  9, 6.55 

April !  4,135 


Bel- 
gium. 


Den- 
mark. 


France. 


Pounds. 

1, 195 

4 

1,080 


Pounds. 


36  |. 


190 
1.52 
504 


519 
344 
129 
151 

78 
181 

37 


1,709 

380 

37 

419 


36 

19 

250 

1,237 

?,.399 

1,687 
943 

1,.327 
362 
1.53 
37 

1,117 
977 

1,126 
717 
896 


1,131 
943 
715 
209 


Ponnds. 

1,921 

3,379 

1,683 

249 

513 

242 

41 

344 


270 
75 


76 

1,238 

1,235 

51 

2, 7oS 

1,999 

135 

328 

436 

119 

284 

124 


Italy. 


Nether- 
lands. 


Pounds. 


215 
4,141 
7,466 

745 
4,639 

138 


Pounds. 

1,578 

1,586 

2 


1,726 
1,486 
1,018 
1,402 


9, 120 

8,185  I 
2,421 

902 

805 

977 

104  I 

199    . 

3.59  I 
57  i 
57  I 

101 


107 
8,051 
23,280 


35, 210 
18,059 
17,024 
9,355 
4,669 
3,364 
2.087 


98 
118 

722 
813 


Nor- 
way. 


Ponnds. 

2, 7.55 

2,441 

1,171 

1,770 

1,175 

.574 

387 

327 


627 

890 

1,413 


1,256 
.590 
774 
214 


United 
King- 
dom. 


Pounds. 

35 

39 

389 

213 

828 

4 


384 
1,151 
5,430 
4,443 


8,846 

52 

1,4.57 

663 

1,319 

1,096 

30 

11 

1,207 

1,189 


Canada. 


20 


Poun'Is. 
5, 367 
8,466 
7.075 
5,478 
3, 221 
3,603 
1,248 
154 
704 
1,150 
4,637 
3, 9.5C 


3,64i; 

4,36H 
8,250 
4,277 
4,002 
2,195 
903 
467 
1,191 
3,916 
4,997 
6,865 


6,176 
5,382 
5,463 
2,138 


The  price  of  cottonseed  oil  is  influenced  chiefly  by  the  price  of  lard, 
of  whif-h  the  United  States  is  the  largest  exporter.  When  the  price 
of  lard  exceeds  that  of  cottonseed  oil  by  a  certain  amount,  the 
market  for  lard  substitutes,  which  consumes  80  per  cent  of  our  cotton- 
seed oil  production,  is  improved  and  the  price  of  the  oil  advances. 
Table  XlII  .shows  the  price  tcend  of  cottonseed  oil  since  1914.  It  will 
be  noted  that  minimum  prices  for  recent  vears  prevailed  in  April, 
1921.  The  subsequent  rise  in  prices,  while  possibly  due  in  some 
measure  to  the  effect  of  the  emergency  tariff,  was  influenced  by  at 
least  four  other  factors: 

(1)  The  shortest  cotton  crop  in  two  decades. 


EEPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


59 


(2)  The  large  increase  in  lard  exports  in  1921,  which  advanced  the 
price  of  lard  and,  consequently,  of  cottonseed  oil. 

(3)  A  world  shortage  of  vegetable  fats.  The  Mediterranean  olive- 
oil  crop,  normally  in  excess  of  2,000,000,000  pounds,  was  44  per  cent 
short,  and  the  Manchurian  soya-bean-oil  crop  was  20  per  cent  short. 

(4)  A  gradual  relaxation  of  business  deflation  with  resultant  stiffen- 
ing of  prices  of  nearly  all  commodities. 

Table  XIII. — Cottonseed  oil — Average  price  per  pound. 


Date. 


1914 

January 

April 

July 

October 

1919 

January 

April.." 

July 

October 

1920, 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Au^st 

September 

October 


Crude, 

f.  o.  b. 

southern 

mills. 


6.1 
6.6 
6.4 
4.7 


17.5 
17.5 
17.0 
17.5 


19.7 
18.5 
19.2 
18.7 
18.2 
17.9 
14.5 
12.2 
13.3 
10.3 


Prime  sum- 
mer yellow 
spot,  New 
York. 


Cents. 


20.2 
21.7 
26.7 
23.0 


22.0 
20.2 
19.2 
18.7 
18.2 
17.9 
14.5 
12.2 
13.3 
10.3 


Date. 


1920— Continued. 

November 

December 


January. 

February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

,  July 

I  August 

I  September. 
!  October 

November. 

December . . 


1921. 


January. . 
February. 

March 

April 


Crude, 

f.  o.  b. 

souiheru 

mills. 


Cent?. 
10.5 
9.0 


6.7 
5.7 
7.1 
7.3 
8.1 
8.5 
9.2 
9.0 
8.4 
8.3 


7.0 
8.1 
10.2 


Prime  sum- 
mer yellow 
spot,  New 
York. 


Cents. 


10.5 
9.0 


8.2 
7.5 
6.7 
5.7 
7.1 
7.3 
8.1 
8.5 
9.2 
9.0 
8.4 
8.3 


8.6 
9.4 
11.8 
11.4 


COCONUT    OIL. 


The  coconut-oil  industry  in  the  United  States  is  divided  into  two 
parts — (1)  the  crushing  of  imported  copra  and  (2)  the  refining  of  im- 
ported crude  oil.  The  chief  uses  of  coconut  oil  in  the  order  of  their 
importance  are  in  the  making  of  soap,  oleomargarine,  lard  substitutes, 
filled  milk,  and  toilet  preparations.  Because  it  is  a  solid  fat  at  or- 
dinary temperatures  coconut  oil  is  specially  desirable  for  margarines 
and  nut  butters.  Soaps  made  from  coconut  oil  possess  marked 
lathering  properties.     These   special   characteristics   of   coconut   oil 

five  it  certain  distinctive  uses,  and  hence  in  many  cases  it  can  scarcely 
e  said  that  it  is  directly  competitive  with  other  vegetable  oils.  It 
is  rather  used  in  conjunction  with  or  supplementary  to  other  oils 
and  does  not  compete  directly  with  oil  crushed  from  domestic  raw 
materials.  Because  of  objectionable  physical  characteiistics  when 
this  oil  is  heated  it  can  not  be  used  extensively  in  making  lard  sub- 
stitutes, the  principal  use  for  domestic  cottonseed  oil. 

The  outstanding  feature  in  connection  with  coconut  oil  is  the  posi- 
tion of  the  Philippines  in  the  trade  in  this  oil.  About  75  per  cent  of 
our  imports  is  obtained  from  this  source  and  enters  the  United 
States  duty  free.  The  Phihppines  in  1916  contained  about  56,000,000 
coconut  trees,  of  which  about  half  were  then  bearing.  Therefore  the 
supply  of  oil  from  this  source  may  be  greatly  increased  if  wat-ranted 
by  future  market  conditions.     Moreover   the  American   tariff  j)er- 


GO 


ItKl'ttKT    ON     rilK    K.MKlUiKXCY    TAPJl  F    ACT. 


luits  tho  froo  I'litrv  from  tlio  Philippines  of  coconut  oil  in  tlio  manu- 
racturo  of  which  20  per  cent  of  forci<]:n  material  is  permitted  to  be 
used.  (\)i)ra.  the  dried  meat  of  the  coconut,  is  the  raw  material 
from  wliicli  coconut  oil  is  pressed,  and  contains  ahout  ^A)  per  cent  of 
oil.  The  suj)ply  of  copra  from  the  Philippines  has  varied  greatly 
raimin<:  from  (»  |)(>r  cent  of  our  imports  of  this  product  in  19PJ  to  (34 
pi'r  cent  in  PU")  and  to  14  percent  in  PJ21.  The  (pnilitv  of  the  oil 
«)l)tained  from  this  s()urce  is  often  inferior  to  that  made  from  South 
Sea  Island  and  C\)chin  copra,  because  the  jj;rades  from  those  coun- 
tries are  sun  cured,  whereas  in  the  Philippines  resort  is  had  to  arti- 
ficial dryinj;,  a  metliod  wliich  gives  the  oil  a  less  desirable  color. 

As  most  of  our  coconut  oil  is  imported  duty  free  from  the  Philip- 
nines,  the  tMiiorgoncy  tariff  has  had  no  groat  effect  on  total  imports. 
Sloroover  no  duty  was  imposed  on  copra,  the  chief  form  of  imports 
from  other  countries. 

Tables  XIV.  XV.  and  XVI  show  that  imports  of  coconut  oil,  both  as 
(»il  and  as  coi)ra..  reached  their  peak  in  1918-19,  and  have  since  de- 
creased annually,  but  still  exceed  three  times  the  pre-war  imports. 

Table  XVI 1 .  giving  imports  of  copra,  indicates  that  there  has  been  no 
great  tendency  to  bring  in  the  oil  in  this  form  in  order  to  avoid  pay- 
ment of  duty.  The  ratio  of  Philippine  oil  imports  to  total  oil  im- 
ports increased  from  46  per  cent  in  1916  to  87  per  cent  in  1921  (Table 
XIV).  Dutiable  imports  of  coconut  oil  showed  a  marked  decrease 
in  November,  1920,  and  declined  still  further  in  May,  1921,  while 
free  imports  of  the  oil  from  the  Philippine  Islands  have  tended  to  in- 
crease since  the  emergency  tariff  went  into  effect. 

The  import  trade  in  coconut  oil  and  copra,  with  especial  reference 
to  countries  of  origin,  is  shown  in  Tables  XIV  and  XVI,  as  follows: 


Table  XIV. — Coconut  oil  and  copra — Imports  bji  countries. 
[000  omitted.] 


Year.' 


1910-1914 
(average).. 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919..., 

1920 

1921  (free)... 

1921  (duti- 
able)  


Total. 


Coco- 
nut oil. 


Pounds. 
h\,  145 
t>i.  i:i5 
m.  007 
79, 2n 
259, 194 
2S1,06:J 
216,:i27 
188.694 

1,022 


Oilln 
copra, 
50  per 
cent 
basis. 


Pounds. 
20,241 
45,273 
55, 039 
123,  .518 
243,  .500 
129,458 
107, 594 
94,660 

401 


East  Indies. 


Japan. 


Philippine 
Islands. 


Coco- 
nut oil. 


Pounds. 
27,692 
24,259 
22,887 
2*3,692 
39,  .572 
.58,008 
57, 184 
23.626 


Oilin 
copra, 
.50  per 
cent 
basis. 


I  Oilln 
Coco-  I  ?«P^«' 


nut  oil. 


Pounds. 

529 

271 

871 

22,  .501 

32,935 

11,174 

19,910 

11,882 


Pounds. 

143 

435 

5,038 

5,257 

.59, 256 

14,902 

2,351 


Oilin 

,    Coco-    !  ^"P""^' 

•^»Pf    nutoTl.      50  Pf 
cent  i     cent 

basis.  I  basis. 


Pounds. 
112 


1,679 
3,698 
12, 135 
1,103 
503 


Pounds.  Pounds. 
10,220  ■    13,079 


31,971 
30,074 
44,254 
154,704 
201,310 
153, 181 
163,966 


29, 128 
17, 339 
4.3,529 
109, 777 
8,197 
11,359 
41,398 


R  atio  of 
oil  im- 
ports 
from 
Philip- 
pine 
Islands 
to  total 
oil  im- 
ports. 


I  Ratio  of 

oilin 
I     copra 
imports 

from 
Philip- 
pine 
Islands 
to  total 
copra 
imports. 


Per  cent. 
19 
51 
46 
56 
60 
72 
71 
87 


Per  cent. 
65 
64 
32 
35 
45 
6 
11 
44 


'  FLscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  yeans,  1919-1921, 


EEPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT, 


61 


Table  XV.  —  Coconut  oil — Imports  by  months. 

1000  omitted.] 


January 

February . . 

♦March 

April 

May 

.June 

July 

August 

Sepiember. 
October. . . 
November., 
December. . 


January... . 
February. . 

March 

April , 

May , 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October.  . .. 
November. . 
December. . 


January.. 
I'ebruary. 

March 

April 


Date. 


12,767 
27,072 

4,202 
10, 228 

2,817 

8,620 
19,041 

9,407 
21,422 

8,929 
23,539 
20, 393 


22,443 
23,994 
33, 159 
18,759 


Table  XVI. — Coconut  oil  and  copra  {calculated  as  50  per  cent  oil) — Combined  imports. 

[000  omitted.] 


Date. 


1910-1914  (average) 

1915 

1916 

1917 

lOlS 

1919 

1920 

i   1921 


Imports, 

coconut 

oU.i 


Pounds. 
74, 386 
108,408 
121,046 
202,741 
502,694 
410, 521 
323,921 
284, 376 


I^P^t^    i    Exports, 

PhiUppine      «°c9r^ 
Islands. 1    '        °"- 


Pounds. 

23,299 

61, 099 

47,413 

87,783 

264, 481 

209, 507 

164, 540 

205,364 


Pounds. 


» 118,612 

25, 695 

7,498 


Ratio  of 
Philippine 

Islands 

imports  to 

total 

imports. 


Per  cent. 
31 

56 
39 
43 
53 
51 
.50 
72 


Ratio  of 
exports  to 
imports. 


Per  cent. 


'  Refined  and  crade  coconut  oil  plus  imports  of  copra  calculated  as  50  per  ceat  oil. 
[Illy  I-Dcc.  31. 

fiOS— 22 5 


&2 


i;i:riii:i    i».\    nii,   i.Aii.iaii. .\r\    TAKii'F  ACT. 

Taiu.i:  W'H.  -Copra — Imports  Ini  vionlhs. 
'  [UOO  omitted.) 


Phlllp- 

I     "\.\\.         IlillO 

'isl'.uuts. 


iHiiimrv 'JI,n5S 

IVt.riisiVv i  16,745 

Manli ,  16,267 

April '  17,958 

Mav 10,446 

Juiic 13,279 

Jiilv ;  14,276 

AUKMst 36,0M 

s<'ptoralier 20,010 

Octol'or 16,106 

November 16,777 

Dw-oniber 15,275 

1921. 

Jaiumrv 16,535 

February l    6,096 


Pound*. 


5,764 
""885' 


5,2.^7 
8,949 


1,108 
735 


4,273 


Patch 

F.iisl 
Indies, 


Poundi, 


5,  WO 
5,540 
1,40.'< 


.00 
5,298 
1,118 
3,278 

65:{ 
6,396 


165 


Japan. 


Pounds. 
26 


140 


825 


942 
62 
216 


1,006 


l)i>tf. 


1921. 

March 

April 

Muy 

June 

July 

Au'insl 

Seploinher. 
Oclo'ier. . . 
No.einlier., 
December. , 


1  Philip- 

1  Total.      nine 
!  I  Islands. 


1922. 
January. .. 
February. . 
March 


Pounds.' Pouncs. 

10,268  I 

I2,7()9 
1.5,264 
2),  225 
•_'J,:WJ 
2i),241 

5,967 
12,661 

4,865 
41,391 


4,144 
4,897 
6,721 
14,6(0 
4,670 
4,227 
4,3.'>2 


33,382  I  25,  U2 
22,194  14,279 
20,468     10,707 


Dutch 

East    [Japan. 
Indies,  i 


Pounds. 


4,409 


1,442 
2,4.^ 

3,807 


3,270 
1 


Pounds 


36 

1,.')98 
1,780 


T.\BLE  XVI II. — Coconut  oil. 
(000  omitted.] 


Domestic 
production. 


Pounds. 


1915 

1916 104,727 

1917 1S^;,4S8 

J918 341,23.5 

1919 »215,542  |<277,093 

1920 '131,218     <  1N'>,944 

1921 '113,194     <  122,075 


Domes- 
tin 
exports,  i  P°rts.' 


Im- 


pound*. 


108,408 
121,046 
202,741 
502,694 
2  118,612  !-410,521 
25,69.5   .323,921 
7,498  J2S4,376 


Pounds. 


Consumption. 


Ratio  of— 


Pounds. 


'422,257  M  212,217 
'294,099  I  <  236, 103 
'235,090  I  <  139, 418 


Produc- 
tion to 


ports. 


Per  ct. 


to  con- 1  ''„""■" 


Per  ct.    Per  ct 


1  ReOned  plus  crude  plus  copra  (50  per  cent  oil). 
«July  1-Dec.31. 

•  Crude. 

*  Refined. 

Table  XVIII  shows  the  relation  between  domestic  production, 
domestic  exports,  imports,  and  consumption  of  coconut  oil.  These 
have  nearly  all  decreased  since  1919.  The  ratio  of  production  to 
exports  decreased  from  24  per  cent  in  1919  to  3  per  cent  in  1921,  while 
the  ratio  of  imports  to  consumption  increased  shghtly,  and  the  ratio 
of  production  to  consumption  decreased  shghtly  in  the  same  period. 

A\1iile  both  imports  and  exports  have  declined  since  the  peak  year 
of  1918,  the  ratio  of  exports  to  imports  has  declined  from  53  per  cent 
in  1918  to  3  per  cent  in  1921,  which  is  doubtless  due  to  the  stabiliza- 
tion of  the  European  trade  (Table  XVIIl). 

In  connection  with  the  decrease  in  exports  of  coconut  oil  there 
should  be  considered  the  increase  in  exports  of  animal  fats  and  oils 
(see  Table  III) ;  since  coconut  oil  can  be  substituted,  to  a  limited 
extent,  for  animal  fats  and  oils,  such  interchangeabihty  has  a  direct 
bearing  on  the  vegetable  oil  situation. 

The  price  of  coconut  oil  is  largel}^  influenced  by  the  prices  of  other 
vegetable  oils,  particularly  cottonseed  oil,  and  by  the  price  of  tallow 


KEPORT   ON   THE  EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


63 


and  lard:  tho  extent  to  which  it  is  affected  depends  upon  the  specific 
use  for  which  the  oil  is  desired.  Table  XIX  gives  the  average  prices 
of  coconut  oil  since  1914.  Cochin  is  the  commercial  name  for  the 
highest  quality  oil;  the  next  best  are  Ceylon  and  Manila  grades.  These 
names  are  used  regardless  of  source. 

Table  XIX. — Coconut  oil — Average  price  per  pound  in  New  York. 


Date. 


1914. 
January... 

April 

July 

October... 


1919. 
January... 

April 

July 

October.. . 


1920. 
January 20.7 


February. 
March..".... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October 


Cocbin. 


Cents. 
12.5 
10.5 
10.5 
16 


18.7 
17.8 
22 
19.6 


20.2 

10.7 

19.4 

19.7 

19.1 

17.7 

16.7 

17 

16.6 


Oeylon. 


Cents. 
10.7 
9.6 


15 

14.8 
19.5 
18.5 


Manila. 


Cents. 


15.3 
14.8 
19.5 
18.2 


Excess 

Cochin 

over 

Manila. 


Cents. 


3.4 
3 

2.5 
1.4 


19.2 

19.2 

1.6 

18.5 

18.5 

1.7 

18.3 

18.3 

1.4 

18.6 

18.4 

1 

18.4 

18.4 

1.3 

18 

18 

1.1 

16.2 

16.2 

1.5 

15.1 

15.2 

1.5 

15.2 

15.1 

1.9 

15.7 

15.7 

.9 

Date. 


1920— Cont'd. 

November 

December 

1921. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June , 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December , 

1922. 

January 

February 

March 

April 


Cochin. 


13 
11.6 
10.2 
9.9 
11.1 
11,2 
10.5 
11.2 
11 

10.7 
10.2 
10 


10.1 
9.7 


Oylon. 


Cents.  Cents. 
15.  5  15. 2 
13.6  I      12.7 


Manila. 


9.2 
10  I 
10.2  j 
10.2  1 
10  j 
10      ! 

9.8  I 

9.5  1 

9.3 


9.1 
8.8 
9.3 


Cents. 
15.2 
12.7 


11.9 

10.5 
9 
9.2 

10 

10.2 

10.2 

10 

10 
9.5 
9.5 
9.2 


9.1 
9 


Excess 

Cochin 

over 

Manila. 


Cents. 


1.1 
1.1 
1.2 

l!l 
1 

.3 
1.2 
1 
1.2 

.7 


SOYA-BEAN    OIL. 

Soya-bean  oil,  derived  from  the  soya  bean,  which  is  extensively 
cultivated  in  Manchuria,  China,  and  Japan,  first  became  an  important 
article  of  commerce  in  about  1912,  as  a  cheap  and  satisfactory  sub- 
stitute for  cottonseed  oil  in  soap  making  and,  to  a  varying  extent,  for 
linseed  oil.  Manchuria,  the  soya-bean  center  of  the  world,  is  the  chief 
source  of  supply  for  the  oil,  the  movement  of  which  is  controlled  by 
the  Japanese. 

Large  quantities  of  soya  beans  are  grown  in  the  United  States  for 
forage  purposes  only.  Imports  of  soya  beans  are  small.  No  beans, 
either  of  domestic  or  foreign  origin,  have  been  crushed  for  oil  in  the 
United  States  since  the  years  1918  to  1921.  The  oil  is  imported  in 
the  crude  form  and  refined  in  the  United  States.  The  soap  industry 
is  the  largest  consumer  of  soya-bean  oil,  approximating,  in  normal 
times,  the  consumption  of  cottonseed  oil  in  this  industry.  Next  in 
order  of  importance  comes  the  lard-substitute  industry,  but  for  this 
purpose  soya-bean  oil  is  not  a  complete  substitute  for  any  other  oil, 
because  it  can  not  be  used  in  large  proportion  on  account  of  the 
difficulty  of  bleaching  and  of  wholly  eliminating  its  taste  by  refining 
or  deodorizing.  A  considerable  quantity  of  the  oil  is  also  used  as  a 
partial  substitute  or  as  an  adulterant  for  linseed  oil. 

Competition  witli  domestic  materials  is  chiefly  with  cottonseed  oil 
and  soap-making  fats  and  greases,  and  is  dependent  upon  the  price 
relationship  existing  between  these  commodities.  A  differential  of 
approximateh^  3  cents  per  pound  on  the  Pacific  coast  in  favor  of  soya- 
bean oil  in  comparison  with  crude  cottonseed  oil  is  usually  necessary 
to  make  the  former  an  attractive  purchase  for  the  soap  maker. 


64 


r.Ki'our  i)N    riiK  K.MKiaiKNCv  taiuik  act. 


T\\v  pri»(lu('ti(in  of  refined  sova-lx-an  oil  (Tnhle  XX)  has  decreased  as 
a  result  of  the  diminished  sup{)ly  of  the  imported  crude  oil.  E.xports 
of  the  oil  have  decreased  for  the  same  reason.  Domestic  consump- 
tion since  »hme.  HKJl,  has  been  from  stocks  already  on  hand.  With 
the  cessation  of  imports,  ratios  of  imports  to  consumption,  and 
production  to  exports  and  consumption  liave  little  value. 

T.\m,K  ?CX. — Soi/a-bean  oil — Sianmanj  table. 
[000  omitted.] 


1  >omestic 
produc- 
tion.' 

Domestic 
e.xports. 

Imports 

(on -11 
Foi 

ni]->tion. 

Ratio  of— 

Yo;ir. 

Produc- 
tion to 
exports. 

Im- 
ports to 
con- 
sump- 
tion. 

Produc- 
tion to 

con- 
sump- 
tion. 

1910-1914  (average).. 

Founds. 

Pounds. 

Piiuiidi. 

1V/M17 

'IS,  ll'l 

:;:;i'.,s.'i 
ia-.,,sns 

U2,213 
Dutiable.     Free. 
997     16,286 

mds. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  et. 

1915 

1916 

2,249 

1,268 

409 

5  149,048 
»  64, 625 

»5,656 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

3  27,715 
43,512 

1,944 

'224,635 
n20,085 

«28,822 

n06,7Sl 
2  36,525 

no,  527 

19 
67 

34 

59 
72 

44 

45 
41 

1921 

14 

» Largely  from  imported  soj-a  beans, 
s  Refined. 
'July  1-Dec.  31. 
4  Cn^de. 

With  the  passage  of  the  emergency  tariff  imports  of  soya-bean  oil 
(Tables  XXI  and  XXII)  ceased  completely  until  March,  1922.  It 
should  not  be  assumed  that  the  increased  tariff  vras  wholly  responsible 
for  this  situation,  as  the  low  prices  of  cottonseed  oil  prevailing  since 
then  have  made  purchases  of  soya-bean  oil  unnecessary,  and,  further- 
more, there  has  been  increased  competition  from  European  nations 
in  the  oriental  oil  market. 


Year.i 


Table  XXI. — Soya-bean  oil — Imports  by  countries. 
[000  omitted.] 


1912-1914  (average).. 

1915 

1916 

1917 


Totalim- 
ports. 


Imports  from— 


China. 


Poundt.  [PouTids. 

18,907  t     1,327 

19,206  I     3,072 

98,119  .  14,685 

162,690  i  12,911 


Japan 

and 

Kwan- 

tung. 


Pounds. 
11,449 
1.5, 146 
83,171 
149,489 


Year.i 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921  (dutiable  and  free) 


Total  im- 
ports. 


PouTids. 

336,824 

195, 808 

112,213 

17,282 


I  Fiscal  years,  1912-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 


Imports  from— 


China. 


Pounds. 

12,470 

11,230 

2,484 

1,944 


Pounds. 

324,273 

183,260 

109,727 

15.295 


REPORT    ON    THE    EMERGENCY   TARIFF    ACT, 


65 


Table  XXII. — Soya-bean  oil — General  imports  by  months. 
[000  omitted.] 


May. 

June 

July 

Au^ist 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. . 


Month. 


January 

February 

M«-h {g;-,^i3: 

April 


/Free 

"IDutiable. 


Quantity. 


1914 


Pounds. 

667 

264 

3,cS43 


1920  1921 


312 
817 


498 
700 
3,791 
486 
547 
634 
141 


Pounds. 
8,371 
14,102 
18, 451 


Pounds. 

5 

1,000 

2,116 


1922 


Pounds . 


14, 990 
12, 898 
10,841 


10,646 
10, 376 
7,184 
226 
2,011 
2,113 


7,032 

5,073 

1 1.  057 

4.87 
509 


« 1, 014 


*  Reported  too  late  for  May  statistics. 

s  Only  1,023  pounds  entered  for  consumption  in  first  quarter  of  1922. 

As  with  peanut  oil,  the  price  of  soya-bean  oil  follows  the  trend  of  the 
cottonseed  oil  market  (Table  XXtll).  Normall}^,  crude  soya-bean 
oil  is  I  to  2  cents  per  pound  less  than  crude  cottonseed  oil  in  the 
eastern  markets,  but  during  the  severe  deflation  of  prices  in  1920-21 
soya-bean  oil  was  slightly  higher  in  price  until  the  latter  part  of  1921, 
when  the  normal  relationship  again  prevailed. 

Table  XXIII. — Soya-bean  oil — Average  price  per  pound  in  New  York. 


January . 
AprQ..'. . 

July 

October. 


1914. 


Cents. 

.  (i.4 
.  0.4 
.  6.2 
.       Co 


January IS.  0 

AprU 14. 6 

July 20. 0 

October 17. 9 

1920. 

January IS.  7 

February I*-'.  2 

March IS.  7 

IS.  1 

17. 3 

10.8 

]o.5 


April. 

May. . 
June. 


July. 

August 14. 1 

September 13. 6 

October 13. 6 


1920.  OenU 

November 11. 

December 9. 

1921. 

January -S. 

February (>. 

March 6. 

April 7. 

May 7. 

June 7. 

July , 8. 

August 8. 

September 8. 

October 9. 

November 8. 

December 9. 

1922. 

January 10. 

Februarv 10. 

March . .'. 12. 

April n. 


OLIVE    OIL. 


The  emergency  tariff  act  increased  the  duty  on  olive  oil  from  20 
cents  per  gallon  in  bulk  and  30  cents  per  gallon  in  containers  of  less 
than  5  gallons  to  40  cents  per  gallon  in  bulk  and  50  cents  per  gallon 
in  containers  of  less  than  5  gallons.  It  should  be  noted  that  two 
sets  of  producing  interest  are  concerned  with  the  import  duties,  i.  c., 
the  domestic  olive  industry  and  the  eastern  packers,  who  import 
olive  oil  in  bulk  (in  casks)  and  repack  it  in  small  containers  under 
varying  trade  brands  for  the  retail  trade.  The  product  of  the  packers 
competes  with  the  foreign  packed  olive  oil,  and  the  elfective  duty  is 
the  higher  rate  upon  the  oil  in  small  containers.     In  addition  to  the 


(U) 


iiKPciM'  ON  Till':  r..Mi;i{<;KN(V    rAUiiF  \cr. 


tarifY  ratos.  doinostic  producers  havo  the  indirect  protection  of  foreign 
expiM't  diitios.  The  olivos  jjirown  in  Californui  aiul  Arizona  are  used 
nialaly  in  the  manufacture  of  the  ripe  pickled  ohve.  It  is  only  the 
iniperifect  or  inferior  grade  of  fruit  tiiat  is  made  into  oil. 

Tahi.k  XXIV. — Olive  nil,  alible — Summnry  table. 


Year. 


l<»l(V19Hv;l\il;.mM... 

191.S 

1916 

1917 

191K 

1919; 

Cnide  and  virgin. 

Refined 


Production.' 
Pounds.'      Gallons.' 


("nide  and  virgin . 
Refined 


Crude  and  virgin. 
Refined 


,  4f)2, 000 
9r>3,000 
618,000 

4.1S,694 
101, 796 

643,116 
8,300 

974, 42.5 
74, 412 


192, 
126, 
81, 

57, 
13, 

84, 
1, 

128, 


Imports. 


Oallons. 
4,876,623 
6,710,967 
7,224,431 
7, 533, 149 
2,537,512 

I    9,024,136 


4,078,811 
6,628,099 


•  Ciilcndar  years. 

»  Bulletin  No.  769,  The  Production  and  Conservation  of  Fats  and  Oils  in  the  United  States,  by  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture.    Census  figures  for  1919,  1920,  and  1921. 
''  .\  gallon  of  olive  oil  weighs  7.61  pounds. 
■<  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

The  domestic  production  of  crude  and  virgin  olive  oil  in  1921 
amounted  to  128,045  gallons.  In  the  same  year  the  imports,  mostly 
from  Italy  and  Spain,  amounted  to  6,628,099  gallons.  Approxi- 
mately 55  per  cent  of  the  imports  for  consumption  in  1921  was 
received  in  bulk  and  packed  in  tnis  country,  while  the  remainder  was 
in  packages  containing  less  than  5  gallons  each. 

Table  XXV. — Olive  oil,  edible — -Imports  by  countries. 


Year.i 


Total. 


1910-1914  (averase 4, 876, 623 

1915 6,710,967 

1916 7,224,4:31 

1917 1  7,53.3,149 

1918 !  2, 537, 512 

1919 9, 024, 136 

1920 4,078,811 

1921 6,628,099 


Spain. 


Gallons. 
292,432 
490,920 
1,.'!.")4,015 
3,776,581 
2,091,400 
8,-557,416 
2,420,592 
1,230,942 


Italy. 


I- 
France.    I  All  other. 


Gallons. 
3,2M,220 
4,864,388 
4,700,412 
2,882,535 
200,403 
251,902 
1,124,041 
3,108,749 


Gallons. 
864,796 
802,092 
891,769 
726,771 
227,617 
18:3, 124 
382,040 
626,570 


Gallons. 
426, 175 
.55  i,  567 
278,2i.5 
147,262 
18,092 
31,694 
152,138 
1,661,838 


1  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

Diiring  the  last  year  of  the  war  imports  were  materially  reduced 
because  of  the  short  foreign  supply  and  the  export  restrictions  en- 
forced bv  foreign  producing  countries.  The  emergency  tariff  appears 
not  to  liave  decreased  imports.  Neither  is  it  likely  to  have  this 
effect  since  domestic  production  is  so  small  as  to  be  almost  negligible  j 
in  the  country's  normal  consumption.  California  does  not  produce 
a  sufficient  supply  of  oil  for  consumption  by  the  lish-packino;  industry 
in  that  wState.  Substitutes  for  olive  oil,  which  are  produced  domesti- 
cally in  large  quantities  and  the  use  of  which  is  increasing,  are  cotton- 
seed oil,  peanut  oil,  and  corn  oil. 


REPOKT    OX    THE    EMERGENCY    TAEIEF    ACT. 
Table  XXVI. — Olive  oil,  edible — General  imports,  by  months. 


67 


Month. 


1920 


1921 


Gallons. 

January |  249, 194 

February '  153, 705 

March ,  494, 033 

April I  454,032 

May 339,621 

June 304, 381 

July I  275,437 

August ;  443, 797 

September \  530, 859 

October 394, 457 

November i  263, 299 

December |  175, 996 

Total I  4,078,811 


Gallons. 
170, 592 
114,181 
220, 326 
574, 298 
549, 282 
730, 883 
944, 890 
949,935 
650,180 
552, 757 
481,690 
689,085 


6,628,099 


1922 


GalloTis. 
539,047 
304, 262 
595,481 
539,911 


1,978,701 


Table  XXVII. — Olive  oil,  fit  only  for  manufacturing  or  mechanical  purposes — General 

imports,  by  months  (free). 


Month. 

1920 

1921 

1922 

January 

Gallons. 

Gallons . 

Gallons. 
31  983 

Febniary 

2,486 
39, 804 
42, 822 
22,985 
135, 776 
44,697 
76, 2S0 
48, 345 
50, 272 
43,024 
49,582 

129  504 

March 

11, 788 
18,923 
15,098 
2,524 
4,432 
4,964 
500 

190  868 

April 

255'  225 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

5,022 
2,898 

December 

Total 

66, 149 

556, 073 

607,585 

Foreign  production. — The  olive-oil  crop  in  tlie  Mediterranean  coun- 
tries for  the  season  1920-21  was  estimated  at  597,000  metric  tons,  or 
about  174,000,000  gallons.^  Production  of  individual  countries  was 
as  follows:  Spain,  200,000  tons;  Portugal,  35,000  tons;  Italy,  150,000 
tons;  France,  10,000  tons;  Algeria,  15,000  tons;  Tunis,  15,000  tons; 
Morocco,  12,000  tons;  New  Greece,  70,000  tons;  other  countries, 
80,000  tons. 

Table  XXVIII. — Olive  oil,  edible  (in  barrels) — Price  per  gallon.^- 


Month. 

1920 

1921 

1922 

High. 

Low. 

High. 

Low. 

$2.60 
2.20 
1.80 
].60 
J.60 
1.95 
1.95 
1.50 
1.50 
1.65 
1.85 
1.85 

High. 

Low. 

January 

13.70 
3.25 
3.50 
3.45 
3.80 
4.25 
4.50 
4.00 
3.80 
3.80 
3.40 
3.20 

$2.90 
3.10 
2.90 
3.05 
3.05 
3.30 
3.40 
3.40 
2.75 
3.40 
3.00 
3.00 

$3.50 
3.00 
2.50 
2.25 
2.25 
2.60 
2.25 
2.25 
1.75 
1.85 
1.85 
2.00 

$2.00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.50 
2.50 

$1.80 

February 

1.80 

M  arch 

1.80 

April 

1.80 

May 

2.00 

June 

July 

September 

October  

December 



o  Oil,  Taint  and  Drug  Reporter. 

'  Statistics  pubUshed  by  New  York  Journal  of  Oonimorco. 


(>S 


iiKroKT  ox    rill'.  l'..MKl!(;K^•(•^■    TAitii'i'  act. 


Pricift. — Tabli'  XX'S'lII  shows,  bv  months,  the  \n^h  and  low  prices 
of  oiiibh^  oHvo  oil  at  Now  "^ork.  l)i(roroncos  in  quaUty,  tho  Hmitod 
quantity  of  tho  domestic  product,  and  the  ditfcrcnt  methods  in  sell- 
ing: ilo  not  permit  a  suHiciently  cU)se  comparison  of  price  quotations 
to  deteruiinc  the  elfect  of  the  emeri];encv  tariff. 

CATTLE,  BEEF,  AND  VEAL. 


Cattle ' 

Emorgoncy  tariff 
rate. 

Senate  bill. 

Act  of  1913. 

Act  of  1909. 

Free 

$2  per  head. 

One  yo;ir  old  or  more 
Viilm-d  at  not  more 
than  $14  per  head. 

$3.75  per  head. 

27 J  per  cent. 

$U  per  head. 
Fresh  or  frozen  beef  and  veal 

2centsperpound.. 

3i  cents  per  pound. 

Free 

li  cents  per  pound 

>  Cattle  and  sheep  and  other  stock  imported  for  breeding  purposes,  free. 

Tlie  position  of  the  United  States  amon^  the  leading  agricultural 
nations  of  the  world  with  respect  to  cattle,  beef,  and  veal  is  shown  in 
the  following  table  of  production  and  export  of  these  products; 

Table  T. — Cattle  a7id  becf^Production  and  export  of  leading  countries. 


Country. 


Year. 


Cattle  raised. 


Kxport'-"  of 
beef. 


Arjcntina 1918 

A  u'^tralia 1917 

Canada j  1920 

New  Zealand 1919 

United  State.-; I  1920 


Number. 
27,0.=10,000 
11,950,024 
9,477,000 
3,035,478 
68,232,000 


Pnumb. 

1,352  Off)  000 

180,249,301 

110,047,800 

80,451,200 

'217,110,962 


>  Imports  of  rattle  into  the  United  States,  expressed  in  terms  of  beef,  more  than  offset  these  exports  in 
1920.    See  Table  II,  p.  09. 

From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  United  States  is  by  far  the 
largest  cattle  producing  country  in  the  world  and  that  it  is  a  large 
exporter  of  beef  and  veal.  The  figure  for  exports  in  1920  is  some- 
what misleading,  however,  if  exports  are  considered  without  refer- 
ence to  imports  of  beef  either  in  the  form  of  meat  or  cattle  on  the 
hoof.^ 

That  the  United  States  has  recently  changed  from  a  net  export- 
ing country  of  these  products  to  a  net  importing  country  is  brought 
out  in  the  following  table  of  imports  and  exports  since  1900. 


I  iiccau^c  of  their  interrelation  it  is  necessary  to  con<;ider  cattle,  beef  and  veal  together  in  studying  the 
effect  of  the  emergency  tariff  on  them.  In  sorne  cases  however,  they  are  treated  separately  in  tlie  accora- 
fanying  tables. 


EEPORT  ON   THE   EMERGEXCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


69 


Table  II. — Beef  and  cattle — Imports  and  exports  {cattle  expressedin  beef  equivalent). 

[000  omitted.] 


Year. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Excess  of 
exports. 

Excess  of 
imports. 

1900 

Pounds. 
66, 051 
55, 174 
38, 169 
25, 191 
6,233 
10, 515 
10,917 
12,257 
34,854 
52,748 
74, 290 

Pound-'!. 
672, 630 
736, 827 
653, 652 
626, 337 
770,947 
699,930 
764, 409 
614,990 
481, 953 
307, 162 
211,064 
183,679 
127, 682 
54,888 
44,151 
280, 027 
329, 712 
328,791 
530, 040 
504, 786 
258, 979 
120, 882 

Pounds. 
606,579 
681,653 
615,482 
601, 146 
764, 714 
689, 415 
753, 492 
602, 733 
447, 099 
254,414 
136, 774 
114,681 
7,380 

Pounds. 

1901 

1902 

1903 • 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

68. 998 

1912 !        120;  302 

1913 i        163. 659 

lOS,  771 

1914 

505, 422 
427, 232 
272,  111 
183,380 
158,093 
234, 895 
301, 334 
190, 456 

461  271 

1915 

147,205 

1916 

57, 601 
145, 411 
371, 947 
269, 891 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

42,355 
69, 574 

1921 

It  appears  from  the  above  table  that  about  the  year  1912  this  coun- 
try changed  from  a  net  exporting  to  a  net  importing  basis  for  beef 
and  veal.  During  the  war  there  was  a  shift  back  for  four  years,  but 
since  1919  there  has  been  a  return  to  the  importing  basis. 

So  long  as  the  United  States  was  a  heavy  exporter  of  beef  a  duty 
could  do  but  little  more  than  steady  the  market  against  occasional 
upsets,  but  the  balance  of  advantage  as  between  producers  and  con- 
sumers is  more  uncertain  when  imports  normally  exceed  exports. 

In  the  foregoing  tables  cattle,  beef,  and  veal  have  been  considered 
together  for  purposes  of  a  general  view  of  the  industry ;  but  in  the  fol- 
lowing tables  they  will  receive  separate  treatment  for  the  most  part. 
Table  III  following  shows  the  production,  imports,  and  exports  of  cattle 
by  years  since  1915  as  compared  with  the  pre-war  five-year  average. 

Table  III. — Cattle — Domestic  production,  imports,  and  exports. 


Year. 


1900-1904  (average! 
1910-1914  (average) 

1915 

1910 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 


On  farms  in 
United 
States.i 


Number. 

58,095,000 

58,  G7(),  773 

58,329,000 

61,920,000 

f)4,5S;^,000 

07,422,000 

68, 560, 000 

68,309,000 

66,191,000 


Slaughtered 

in  public 

stock- 

yards.2 


'  Calendar  year. 

2  Department  of  Agriculture  Yearbook,  1921,  p.  758. 

«  FLscal  years,  1900-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 


Number. 


10, 457, 889 
13,275,168 
14,874,199 
13,033,087 
12,194,251 


Imports  into 
United 
States.3 


Number. 
101,057 
397,450 
538, 167 
439, 1,S5 
374,826 
293,719 
(;42,395 
379,114 
194,871 


Domestic 
exports.3 


Niiviber. 

448,995 
87,625 
5,484 
21,287 
13,387 
18,213 
69,859 
85,302 

VM\,S3i 


70 


r.KPOHr    ox    TIIH    K.MKUr.KNCV     I  AIM  FF    ACT. 


The  outstanding  feature  of  Tal)lc>  111  is  the  negli«;ible  quantity  of 
imports  and  exports  of  cattle  as  conipared  with  the  total  number 
on  farms  or  the  number  slauj^litered.  It  should  be  remembered, 
however,  that  much  of  the  trade  in  cattle  products  is  often  in  the 
form  of  beef  rather  than  in  cattle  as  such.  Statistics  for  the  trade 
in  beef  and  veal  are  presented  in  Table  IV  following: 

TvniE  IV. —  Froih  Ixrf  and  veal — Production,  imports,  and  exports. 
[000  omitted.] 


Produc- 
tion.! 

Imports.* 

Exports.* 

Year. 

Quantity. 

Per  cent 
of  produc- 
tion. 

Quantity. 

Per  cent 
of  produc- 
tion. 

1900 

Pnundx. 
8,962,805 
9,545,343 
7,177,981 
7,384,045 
7,859,854 
8,670,651 
9.876.410 
8,737.029 
3  7,399,000 
7,082,000 

Pounds. 

Per  cent. 

Pounds. 

329,079 

122,953 

6,394 

170,440 

231,214 

197,177 

370,033 

174,427 

89,649 

10,413 

Per  cent. 
3.67 

1909                                  

1.29 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

m,i37 
184,491 
71,102 
15,217 
25,4.52 
38,462 
50,182 
32,378 

2.51 
2.50 
.90 
.18 
.26 
.44 
.68 
.46 

.09 
2.31 
2.94 
2.27 
3.75 
2.00 
1.21 

.15 

'  Calendar  year.    Figures  taken  from  the  Agricultural  Yearbook,  1920. 
»  Fiscal  yeaVs,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  191;)-1921. 
5  Prior  to  1920  production  figures  include  edible  offal. 

The  hnports  and  exports  of  cattle  are  small  as  compared  with 
the  total  production  in  the  United  States.  It  should  not  be  as- 
sumed, however,  that  a  duty  on  these  products  will  be  negligible 
in  its  effect  on  prices  merely  because  the  imports  are  a  small  per- 
centage of  the  total  production. 

The  trade  of  the  United  States  in  cattle,  beef,  and  veal  is  further 
analyzed  in  the  follomng  table  of  imports  and  exports  by  countries: 

Table  V. — Cattle — Imports  and  exports  by  countries 


Year,! 

Total. 

Canada. 

Mexico. 

Imports.  1  Exports. 

1 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1910-1914  (average) 

Number. '  Number. 
397,450  '       87,625 
538,167  ;        5,484 
4.39,185  1      21,287 
374,826         13,387 
293,719  i       18,?13 
642,395  1       69,8.59 
379,114         85,302 
194,871       196,533 

Number.  |  Number. 
.56,096  '        9,105 
191,  ,540              751 
238,025           4,511 
189, 285           6, 382 
185,089           7,286 
.550,004         11,192 
316,559           4.624 

Number. 
339,616 
346,004 

Number. 
7,341 

1915 

829 

1916 

1917 

197,788            3,990 
183,827             4,324 

1918 

105,470            7,777 

1919 

90, 541           23, 923 

1920 

58,926           27.758 

1921 

179,408 

7,823 
Hingdom. 

13,874 
All  other 

138, 239 

Ycar.i 

Cuba. 

United  I 

countries. 

Impoits* 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1910-1914  (average) 

Number. 

Number. 
329 

Number. 

1,732 

623 

1,161 

1,714 

Number. 
m,432 

Number.    Number. 
6          4.428 

1915 

1S6 

3,718 
11, 145 
1,205 
1,524 
20.801 

1916 

191 7 

is  :         826 

1.476 

815 

2,198 

191^ 

191'j                         

1,607 
13,943 
20,766 
15, 182 

1,063 
806 

19 

2,097 
1,044 

1920    

2,113 
973 

100 
31,324 

1,516         32' 054 

1921 

616           3.965 

1  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 


EEPORT    OX    THE    EMERGENCY    TARIFF   ACT. 
Table  VI. — Fresh  beef  and  veal — General  imports  by  countries. 


71 


Year.' 


Total 


Pounds. 

,4^ ;  ISO,  137, 18.3 

•I.-, ;i84,  490,759 

iHir. I  71,101,7.i6 


United 
Kingdom. 


Pounds. 
57,5.39,975 

8,070,776 


Canada. 


Argentina.    Uruguay. 


1917 

igi.*^. 

1919. 

IfiSCl . 
1921  . 


15,217,118  I I     9,435,742 

25,451,655  ! j  20,708,107 

38,461,7.58  1 31,124,474 

50, 182, 105  i          19, 655     37, 488, 425 
32,377,922  | 26,469,120 


Pounds.        Pounds 
15,919,799  ,  59,774,937 
15,305,264  j  130, 080, 021 

9,918,326     .52,680,4.33 


2,295,690 

431,041 

261,001 

2,428,393 

1,050,962 


Pounds. 

25,902,732 

13,802,565 

192, 229 

86,662 

13, 120 

94,426 

1,090,284 

455, 819 


Australia. 


Pounds. 
19,858,520 
10, 482, 128 


201,641 

.569,053 

1,528,138 

2,444,431 

1,192,758 


'  Fiscal  years,  1914-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 
•  Included  in  "All  other  meats"  prior  to  1914. 

Table  VIa.  Fresh  beef — Domestic  exports  by  countries. 


All  other. 


Pounds. 
1,141,214 
5,544,0a5 
8,310,765 
3,197,373 
3,670,274 
5,4.53,719 
0,710,917 
3,209,263 


:  ,iiii-!914  (average) 

!915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

fi2j    __ 


Total. 


United 
Kingdom. 


Pounds.  I 
29, 452, 302j 
170, 440, 934! 
231, 214,  OOOi 
197,177,1011 
370, 032, 900; 
174, 426, 999I 
89, 649, 14S| 
10, 412, 7901 


Canada. 


Pounds. 
23, 410,  437, 
54, 497, 192 
117,409,488 
125, 687, 523 
28.5, 789,  315 
73, 073, 602 
.5,699,488 
2, 180, 902 


Pounds. 

372, 614 

545, 356 

3, 192, 196 

17,  771, 159 

37, 349, 521 

2,621,011 

2, 330, 963 

228,624 


Panama, 


Pounds. 

5,026,662 

3, 706, 596 

1,  504, 583 

235, 034 

144, 442 

51, 950 

86,537 

317, 522 


France. 


99, 620, 095 
49, 100,  444 
38, 042, 276 
38, 926, 941 


Italy. 


Pounds.     Pounds 
20,279 
10,  472,  425 
47,  887, 945 
13, 066, 277 
8,566,613 
21, 375,  475 
730,2171      211,447 


All  other. 


Pounds. 
622, 310 

1, 599, 270 
12, 119, 344 

2, 374, 832 

1, 256, 068 
77, 304, 961 
80, 590, 496 

7, 685, 742 


'  Fiscal  years,  1914-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

From  Table  V  it  appears  that  Canada  and  Mexico  account  for  a 
large  part  of  our  imports  and  exports  of  cattle  on  the  hoof.  This  is 
not  merely  a  border  trade,  however,  because  the  heavy  imports  from 
the  two  coimtries  indicate  that  our  markets  are  regularly  used  as  an 
outlet  for  their  surplus.  It  is  significant  that  the  cattle  imported 
from  these  countries  do  not,  as  a  rule,  go  directly  to  the  slaughter- 
house in  the  United  States.  For  the  most  part  the  imports  are 
stockers  and  feeders  which  are  kept  on  farms  or  in  feed  pens  in  the 
United  States  from  three  months  to  two  years  before  being  sold  for 
slaughter.  In  1920  and  1921,  for  example,  about  65  per  cent  of  the 
imports  of  cattle  from  Canada,  exclusive  of  calves,  were  stockers  and 
feeders.  In  a  sense,  therefore,  a  large  proportion  of  the  cattle  im- 
ports are  raw  material  for  the  American  farmers  and  feeders  to  be 
turned  into  a  finished  product  by  the  consumption  of  domestic  grain 
and  forage. 

Table  VI  shows  Canada  to  be  the  chief  source  of  imports  and  the 
United  Kingdom  the  chief  destination  of  exports,  although  in  recent 
vears  exports  have  been  relatively  small.  The  heavy  imports  in  1914 
from  the  United  Kingdom  were  largely  reexports  from  England  of 
colonial  and  Argentine  beef.  In  1915  imports  from  Argentina  ran 
up  to  the  abnormal  figure  of  130,000,000  pounds,  but  in  recent  years 
they  are  negligible.  Canadian  imports,  however,  persist  after  the 
war  and,  as  in  the  case  of  cattle,  the  producers  regularly  depend  upon 
the  American  market  to  absorb  a  large  volume  of  their  exportable 
surplus  of  beef. 


I 'J. 


llKPOUr    ox     rilK    KMHUlilCNCY    TAIUIK    ACT, 


How  j^ront  is  this  dependonco  on  our  inaiki't  is  shown  in  the  follow- 
ing tubli'  of  (\inniiiiiii  tnido  in  those  products. 

T A  n  I.  !■;  \'  1 1 .   -  Catth — -K.r ports  from  ( 'a  nuda . ' 

!Ki-'i  ^' 


Kxporloil  to  - 

1920  J 

1921  2 

192J 

Number. 

479 

2,930 

415.95fi 

11.733 

Numlitr. 

131 

1,733 

221, 27S 
541 

Nurnbrr. 
3r>,  41'< 

Newfoundland 

(') 

Unitivl  States 

172,. 317 

T),  oh:: 

All  ot tier 

Total 

431, 128 

223,689 

212,817 

'  Cattle  over  1  yo;ir  old. 

'•'  Fipires  taken'  from  tlio  Annunl  Uoport  of  the  Trade  of  Canada.     Fiscal  year  ends  Mar.  31. 
Included  in  all  other. 

Table  VIIa. — Fresh  beef — Exports  from  Canada.' 
[Fiscal  years. I 


Exported  to— 

1921 

1921 

1922 

United  Kingdom 

PouTids. 
28,730,500 
13,026,200 
21,571,900 
34,418,000 
6,1.52,900 

Pounds. 

8,883,800 

Pounds. 
5  797  30l> 

Italy 

United  States 

•     35,838,300 
7,277,300 

21,647,80« 

All  other - --  - 

911  .50'J 

Total 

103,899,500 

51,999,400 

28,358,60» 

1  Figure?  taken  from  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Trade  of  Canada.    Fiscal  year  ends  Mar.  31. 

Out  of  a  total  export  of  about  430,000  head  of  cattle  in  1920,  over 
415,000  came  to  the  United  States.  Owing  partly  to  the  cost  of  ocean 
freight,  an  even  larger  proportion  of  exports  came  to  this  country  in 
1921  ill  spite  of  the  tariff  of  30  per  cent. 

The  Canadians  are  less  dependent  upon  our  markets  for  beef  than 
for  cattle,  j'-et  in  1921,  out  of  a  total  export  of  about  52,000,000  pounds, 
nearly  36,000,000  came  to  the  United  States. 

The  foregoing  statistics  have  been  by  yearly  totals,  no  attempt  be- 
mg  made  to  segregate  them  in  1921  for  the  periods  before  and  after 
the  enactment  of  the  emergency  law  of  May  27.  In  the  following 
table,  however,  is  shown  the  trade  of  the  United  States  in  cattle  and 
beef  by  months  since  January,  1920. 


REPORT   ON   THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF  ACT.  73 

Table  VIII. — Cattle  and  beef — Domestic  exports  and  imports  by  months.^ 


192U. 

January , 

February 

March 

April 

Way 

June 

July 

August 

September 

C  etober 

November 

December 

1921. 

January 

February 

March. . " 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

C  etober 

November 

December 

1922 

January 

February 

March 


Cattle. 


Imports.       Exports 


\'umbcr. 
26,971 
24,590 
16, 766 
19, 874 
16,094 
24,381 
18,333 
32,071 
43,055 
48,680 
62,049 
46,250 


17,468 

8,066 

11,677 

23, 674 

14,498 

4,152 

5,057 

10,948 

18,814 

28.534 

37,9.55 

1 ",  793 


2,876 
2,482 
2,431 


NumbeT. 
3,056 
2,687 
3,247 
11,494 
11,873 
13,332 
9,740 
2,804 
4,174 
5,252 
10,080 
7,563 


6,004 
7,498 
11,886 
23,066 
28, 076 
29,530 
20,345 
20,662 
14,541 
11,108 
12,536 
11,281 


10,275 
10,219 
11,107 


Beef  and  veal. 


Imports.       Exports. 


Pounds. 

2,717,414 

2,276,408 

2,981,915 

5,19  ,400 

4,138,798 

5,819,305 

2,778,844 

5, 618,  S96 

5,808,068 

5,251,153 

5,437,271 

2,158,633 


4,273,228 
1,167,706 
1,741,384 
2.571.947 
3,293,252 
1,855,874 
1,922,534 
3,141,482 
2,065,569 
3,561,848 
3,361,417 
3,421,081 

866,991 

536, 269 

1,003,643 


Pounds. 

23,122,739 

13,010,793 

6,023,338 
17,687,306 

4,304,038 
12,526,669 

5,505,062 
343,352 

1,964,543 
485, 979 

3,091,895 

1,583,434 


,078,550 
979,081 
508,230 
214, 193 
191,366 
167,318 
918,476 
292,663 
239,039 
310, 179 
268,245 
274,250 


522,601 
320,430 
293,092 


1  Figures  taken  from  the  Agriculture  Yearbook,  1920. 

The  effect  of  the  tariff  upon  the  imports  of  cattle  is  somewhat 
obscured  by  the  seasonal  marketing  period.  In  the  autumn  of  1921, 
for  example,  imports  increased  as  compared  with  the  first  part  of  the 
year,  but  as  compared  with  the  same  period  in  1920  there  was  a  decided 
slump.  October,  1921,  shows  imports  of  about  28,000  head  as  against 
48,000  in  October,  1920;  November  imports  in  1921  ran  38,000  as 
compared  with  62,000  a  year  earlier. 

The  imports  of  beef  show  roughly  the  same  decline  after  the  im- 
position of  the  duties.  They  ran  about  3,500,000  pounds  per  month 
m  the  autumn  of  1921  as  compared  with  5,000,000  to  6,000,000  pounds 
in  1920. 

If  the  emergency  tariff  has  substantially  restricted  the  imports 
of  cattle  and  beef  in  comparison  with  the  domestic  supply,  we  should 
expect  some  effect  upon  the  prices  of  them  in  the  American  market, 
although  in  some  cases  many  other  factors  bearing  on  prices  may 
obscure  the  results  of  the  duty.  In  the  tables  below  there  are  pre- 
sented prices  of  cattle  and  beef  in  Winnipeg  and  Toronto  as  compared 
with  prices  in  the  Chicago  market.  None  of  the  grades  for  which 
prices  are  given  are  precisely  comparable  in  the  sense  that  all  the 
products  used  in  the  comparison  would  sell  for  the  same  price  in  the 
same  market,  but  they  are  comparable  in  the  sense  that  there  is  a 
fairly  constant  price  differential  oetween  them  because  of  the  differ- 
ence in  quality.  If  this  differential  changes,  therefore,  with  the 
imposition  of  the  duty  on  imports  to  the  United  States,  the  presump- 
tion is  that  the  duty  is  effective. 


74 


rvKTouT  ON    rm:  KMKiuii-'.xcVT.vriiFF  act. 


'r.Mti.K   IXa. —  Cnltlr  —  l'i-ice  of  fat  shrrs. 
IPcr  lot)  pounds.] 


Date. 


Winnl-      Excess       qnr.o- 

Chicago..  r«-;,>»::-r'  S 

exchuHKC.  Winnipeg,     "'"j- 


isao: 

Januftry.. . 

Kt<hriiiirv.. 

Miiiih 

April 

May 

Juno 

July 

August 

September, 

Octolier... 

Novfiinlier. 

Dwcnii^cr. 
1021: 

January... 

February. . 

Marrli 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October. .. 

November. 

December. 
ll»22: 

Januar>-... 

February.. 


Sir..  72 
i:';56 
l.i.08  ' 
U.U  • 
12.67  I 
15.49 
15.62 
15.74 
15.97 
16.04 
14.07  , 
11.94  I 


$10.41 
9.  91 
9.  NO 

11.  :u 

12.  7  i 
12.69 
10.11 

9.24 
9.39 
8.01 
7.79 
6.67 


9.90 

6.41 

9.47 

6.69 

9.62 

6.99  , 

8.46 

7.25 

8.51 

7.21 

8.24 

6.16 

K60 

4.85 

9.07 

4.38 

8.59 

4.24 

9.17 

3.97 

8.96 

4.07 

S.o8 

4.22 

8.59 

5.25 

8.69 

5.36 

U-Sl 
3. 63 
.3.28 
1.78 

-.06 
2.80 
5. 51 
0.50 
6.58 
8.03 
6.28 
5.27 

3.49 
2.78 
2. 63 
1.21 
1.30 
2.08 
3.75 
4.69 
4.35 
5.20 
4.89 
4.36 

3.34 
3.33 


Toronto,!  ^hi^^t      30  p.- 
c»'-^'>"<   '  Chicago  1     ^^P, 

o^^'"»"e«    Toronto.!    d"'' 


SI.  85 
1.46 
1.31 
1.27 
1.19 
1.22 
1.27 

1.58 
1.61 


■ 
$11.79 

«.93  ' 

1 1. 13 

2.43  1 

11.16 

1.92 

12.35 

.76 

13.07 

-.40 

12.99 

2.50 

12.60 

3.02 

11.28 

4.4(i 

11.11 

4.86  1 

9.73 

6.31  ' 

9.09 

4.98 

8.56 

3.38 

8.21 

1.69  1 

7.79 

1.68  1 

8.41 

1.21  1 

.18 

8.28 

8.08 

.43 

7.07 

1.17 

6.00 

2.60 

6.12 

2.95 

5.78 

2.81 

5.39 

3.78 

5.17 

3.79 

5.63 

2.95 

6.48 

2.11 

6.75 

1.94 

Steers,  good. 


2  Steers,  1,000-1,200  pounds,  good. 


Domestic  prices  taken  from  the  Market  Reporter. 

Canadian  prices  taken  from  the  Monthly  Bulletin  of  Agricultural  Statistics,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Table  IXb. — Cattle — Price  of  stackers . 

[Per  100  pounds.] 


Date. 

Chicago.! 

Winni- 
peg,* 
current 
exchange. 

1 
Excess 
Chicago 

over 
Winnipeg.' 
1 

30  per 
cent 
duty. 

Toronto,! 

current 

exchange. 

Excess 
Chicago 

over 
Toronto. 

30  per 
cent 
duty. 

1920: 

January'     . .                   

S8.91 
S.70 
9.23 
9.32 
9.44 
9.53 
8.33 
7.91 
8.28 
0.98 
0. 53 
e.23 

6.58 
0.71 
7.34 
6.80 
6.84 
5.  SO 
5.44 
5.34 
5.34 
5. 33 
5.00 
5.27 

5.54 
5.96 

$7.02 
7.28 
7.90 
7.85 
7.79 
7.  SO 
6.38 
5.51 
5.67 
5.36 
5.09 
4.50 

4.93 

4.87 
5.37 
5.17 
.5.10 
3.90 
2.  S3 
2.81 
2.87 
2.77 
2.76 
2.93 

3.18 
3.18 

$1. 89  1 
1.42 
1.33 
1.47 
1.65 

1.73  1 
1.95  I 
2.40 
2.61 
1.62 
1.44 
1.73 

1.65 

1.84 
1.97 
1.63  ! 

1.74  1 
1.90 
2.61 
2.53 
2.47 
2.56 
2.24 
2.34 

1 
2.36 
2.78 

$8.79 
8.19 
8.42 
9.42 
10.22 
10.12 
8.47 
7.87 
8.06 
7.67 
7.36 
7.03 

6.77 
6.08 
6.57 

50.12 

.51 

.81 

-.10 

-.78 

-.59 

-.14 

.04 

.22 

-.69 

-.83 

-.80 

-.19 
.03 

.77 

March..                       

Mav                           

.Tune.     . 

July 

August .                          

November. . 

1921: 

January 

Fcbriiarv.           

March . ." 

May 

51.17 
.85 
.84 

.86 
.83 

.82 
.88 

.95 
.95 

July 

4.08 
4.06 
3.60 
■3.58 
3.68 
3.70 

i.36 
1.28 
1.74 
1.75 
1.32 
1.57 

.$1. 22 

.  -1. 21 

September 

October 

1.0^ 

1.  n: 

November 

!.  i» 

December j.. 

1922: 

January .,.t. . ,, 

February. ..'..'...;.... 

'  steers,  common  choice. 


2  Stockers,  450-800  pounds;  good. 


Domestic  prices  taken  from  the  Markoi,  Reporter 

Canadian  prices  taken  from  Month) ■■  iiiiUetin  of  Agricultural  Statistics,  Ottawa,  Canada. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGEXCY  TATJFF   ACT. 


75 


Table  IXc. — Cattle — Price  of  feeders. 
[Per  100  pounds.) 


Date. 

Chicago.! 

Winni- 

peg,2 

current 

exchange. 

Excess 
Chicago 

over 
Winnipeg. 

30  per 
cent 
duty. 

Toronto,' 

current 

exchange. 

Excess 
Chicago 

over 
Toronto. 

30  per 
cent 
duty. 

1920: 

January 

$10.01 
9.01 
10. 35 
10.34 
10. 41 
10.89 
10. 18 
9.78 
9.81 
9.50 
8.60 
7.69 

7.56 
7.53 
8.22 
7.5o 
7.59 
6.77 
6.24 
6.34 
6.04 
5.87 
5.89 
5.72 

5.99 
6.22 

«9.35 
9.13 
9.01 
9.67 

10.78 
9.07 
8.21 
7.47 
7.74 
7.24 
6.82 
6.08 

5.59 
5.39 
0.37 
6.14 
6.18 
4.46 
3.24 
3.56 
3.54 
3.55 
3.65 
3.55 

3.90 
3.88 

$0.66 

.48 

1.34 

.67 

-  .37 

1.82 

1.97 

2.31 

2.07 

2.26 

1.84 

1.61 

1.97 
2.14 
1.85 
1.42 
1.41 
2.31 
3.00 
2.78 
2.50 
2.32 
2.24 
2.17 

2.09 
2.34 

$10.01 
9.31 
9.53 
10.57 
11.33 
11.30 
10.02 
10.16 
9.91 
9.48 
8.82 
9.23 

7.91 
7.10 
7.39 
7.90 
7.42 

$6.30 
.82 

-  .23 

-  .92 

-  .41 
.16 

-  .38 

-  .10 
.02 

-  .16 
-1.54 

-  .35 
.43 
.83 

-  .34 
.17 

March.                   

April .                           .... 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December     

1921: 

February 

March 

April 

May 

""si."  34" 
.97 
1.07 
1.06 
1.07 
1.10 
1.07 

1.17 
1.16 

June...             .  . 

July 

August 

5.32 
5.14 

4.70 
4.87 
4.85 

5.31 
6.45 

1.02 
.90 
1.17 
1.02 
.87 

.68 
-  .23 

$1. 60 

September 

1.54 

October 

1.41 

November 

1.4C 

1.45 

1922: 

1.59 

February 

1.94 

1  Feeders,  750-1,000  pounds;  common  choice. 

2  Feeders,  800-1,000  pounds;  good. 

Domestic  prices  taken  from  the  Market  Reporter. 

Canadian  prices  taken  from  Monthly  Bulletin  of  Agricultural  Statistics,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Prices  from  April  to  Juli^,  1921,  are  important,  especially  when  the 
change  in  the  price  differential  among  the  several  markets  is  con- 
sidered for  these  months.  It  will  be  seen  that  in  most  cases  the  ex- 
cess of  the  Chicago  price  over  Canadian  prices  has  increased  in  June 
or  July  by  about  the  amount  of  the  duty.  Other  factors,  of  course, 
were  present,  but  comparing  the  average  for  January  to  May,  1921, 
with  June  to  December,  it  is  significant  that  the  spread  widened 
sharply  after  May  28.  Thus  the  average  price  of  fat  cattle  in  Win- 
nipeg was  $2.28  cheaper  per  100  pounds  than  in  Chicago  from  Janu- 
ary to  May,  and  S4.20  cheaper  from  June  to  December.  Tlie 
amount  of  the  duty  averaged  $1.37.  There  is  no  particular  signi- 
ficance in  comparing  1920  with  1921  spreads,  owing  to  the  erratic 
character  of  the  1920  market  and  the  great  fall  in  prices  in  both 
markets.  The  latter  factor  greatly  decreased  the  spreads  necessary 
to  handle  the  cattle.  Then,  too,  Canadian  rail  freights  were  lowerecl 
considerably  in  1921  to  facilitate  export  to  England,  and  a  substan- 
tial number  of  Canadian  cattle,  over  30,000  head,  were  shipped  to 
England  in  1921.  This  had  much  more  effect  on  prices  than  the 
mere  number  would  suggest. 

Another  point  of  some  importance  brought  out  in  tlie  tables  is 
that  whereas  Canadian  prices  declined  precipitately  after  the  enfict- 
ment  of  the  emergency  tariff,  American  cattle  prices  held  fairly 
steady  at  the  rates  prevailing  for  several  months  before  the  act  took 
effect.    From  7.21  cents  per  pound  in  May,  for  example,  fat  steers  in 


76 


nKPoirr  ox  THE  emi:kgency  tariff  act. 


\Viniimt\^  ft>ll  to  1.24  coiits  in  SoptoinlxM-  and  slockors  in  that  market 
wiMit  IrDin  a.U)  ('(Mits  in  (lu>  fornior  month  to  2.77  conts  in  October. 
The  American  prices  for  similar  j^raih's  reniaintMl  fairly  constant  (hir- 
injj  the  year.  It  seems  therefore,  that  if  the  tarilf  has  been  elVective 
it  has  driven  ih)wn  the  (^ina(Han  market  rather  than  increased 
American  prices,  or.  to  be  more  exact,  Canadian  prices  followed  the 
declining:  world  market,  while  American  pritcs  steadied  at  a  level  con- 
siderably above  the  international  level. 

The  prices  of  beef  in  Chicago  as  compared  with  Winnipeg  and  To- 
ronto (Table  X)  show  about  the  same  changes  before  and  after  the 
enactment  of  the  emergency  law  as  did  the  changes  in  cattle  prices. 

Table  X. — Fresh  beef— Prices.^ 
[Per  100  pounds.] 


Date. 

Chicago.* 

Winni- 
peg cur- 
rent ex- 
change.' 

Excess 
Chicago 

over 
Winni- 
peg. 

Toronto 
current 

ex- 
change.' 

Excess 
Chicago 

over 
Toronto. 

1920 
Januarv  

$21.75 
19.70 
20.31 
20.69 
19. 80 
23. 56 
23.90 
24.62 
2.5.2.5 
23.50 
23.  .50 
19.40 

IS.  10 
15.00 
17.44 
16.65 
15.69 
15.25 
15.20 
15. 75 
16.25 
16.60 
16.45 
16.50 

15.00 
13.69 

$18.07 
15.43 
16.05 
21.16 
18.63 
24.50 
18.06 
19.22 
17.90 
18.05 
16.27 
15.82 

15.48 
13.31 
,      14. 02 
'      14. 18 
14.08 
12.26 
11.84 
12.05 
11.72 
10. 68 
9.21 
10.07 

11.43 
12.43 

$3.68 
4.27 
4.26 

-.47 
1.17 

-.94 
5.84 
5.40 
7.35 
5.45 
7.23 
3.58 

2.62 
1.69 
3.42 
2.47 
1.61 
2.99 
3.36 
3.70 
4.  ,53 
5.92 
7.24 
6.43 

3.57 
1.26 

$22. 88 
20.13 
18.70 
21.84 
22.58 
22.75 
24.08 
24.47 
24.17 
23.47 
21.69 
21.09 

20. 04 
19.53 
17.53 
19.50 
17.88 
16.93 
14.91 
14.73 
13.97 
13.63 
13.82 
13.05 

15. 24 
15. 30 

-$1. 13 

— .  4:i 

March 

1.1)  I 

April 

-1.15 

-2.  7S 

.SI 

July 

-.IS 

August 

.1.". 

l.OS 

.():; 

November 

l.Sl 

-1.69 

1921 

-2.51 

February 

-4.  M 

— .  m 

AprD 

-2.  >.:, 

—2. 1'.t 

— l.O'.l 

Julv         

.  '29 

1.  02 

2.  2H 

2.97 

2.(« 

3.  Li 

1922 

— .  2f 

-1.61 

1  Emergency  duty  2  cents  per  pound  aft  er  May  27. 1921.    Domestic  prices  taken  from  the  Marljet  Reporter . 
Canadian  prices  taken  from  Monthly  Bulletin  "of  Agricultural  Statistics,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

2  Good  steers. 

'  Carcass,  fresh,  No.  1. 

From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  Chicago  prices  remain  fairly 
constant  throughout  the  year  1921,  whereas  Winnipeg  and  Toronto 
show  a  steady  decline.  This  decline  caused  a  pronounced  spread  in 
the  quotations  for  the  two  countries  in  the  summer  and  fall  of  1921. 
In  June,  for  example,  the  Toronto  price  was  1.69  cents  above  Chicago 
for  No.  1  carcass  beef,  but  in  Jul}^  it  was  29  cents  under  Chicago,  a 
net  change  of  1.98  cents  as  compared  with  the  duty  of  2  cents. 

It  should  be  noted  that  prices  in  Canada,  London,  and  Buenos 
Aires  averaged  more  than  20  per  cent  lower  after  June  1,  1921,  than 
before,  while  prices  in  the  United  States  averaged  only  8  per  cent 
lower.  In  other  words,  Canadian  beef  prices  followed  the  world 
level,  while  American  beef  kept  at  a  considerably  higher  level  after 
June  1.     This  will  be  noted  from  Table  II. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY  TARIFF   ACT. 


77 


Table  XI  .—Beef—Comparative  prices  of  domestic  and  foreign. 
[Average  price  per  100  pounds,  1921.] 


Jan.  1  to    June  1  to 
May  31.     Dec.  31. 


Decline. 


!  .\mount. 


New  York,  good  steer  beef I  ?17.00  $15.61 

Toronto,  carcass  No.  1 '  19.02  14.65 

Winnipeg,  carcass  No.  1 i  14.22  11.27 

London,  English  beef |  27. 29  I  19!  54 

London,  Argentine  chilled  bind  quarters 17.54  |  14.81 

Buenos  Aires,  good  frigorifico  steer !  9.  TO  6.90 


SI.  39 
4.37 
2.95 
8.25 
2.73 
2.80 


Percent. 


8.2 
23.0 
20.7 
29.7 
15.6 
28.9 


SHEEP,  MUTTON,  AND  LAMB. 


Article. 

Emergency  tariff 
rate. 

Senate  bill. 

Act  of  1913. 

Act  of  1909. 

Sheep:  1 

One  year  old  or  over . . 

J  S2  per  head 

.    $1  per  head 

.    2  cents  per  pound . 
.1  2  cents  per  pound. 

$2  per  head 

S2  per  head 

Fi-ee 

$1.50  per  head. 
$0.75  per  head. 

Less  than  1  year  old. . . 

Mutton 

2J  cents  per  poimd. 
5  cants  per  poimd. 

Lamb 

1  Cattle  and  sheep  and  other  stock  imported  for  breeding  purposes,  free. 

Imports  and  exports  of  sheep  and  mutton  have  been  of  small  con- 
sequence compared  with  the  number  on  farms  and  ranches  in  the 
the  United  States,  or  the  number  slaughtered  each  year.  The 
domestic  market  for  mutton  and  lamb  is  limited  and  will  absorb 
little  but  cliilled  meats.  Hence,  with  the  exception  of  one  year,  little 
dressed  mutton  or  lamb  has  ever  been  imported,  except  chilled  meat 
from  Canada,  and  only  very  small  amounts  from  that  source.  Foreign 
frozen  mutton  has  almost  no  outlet  in  the  United  States,  as  was 
discovered  by  those  who  attempted  to  market  heavy  stocks  of  such 
meats  in  this  country  dm-ing  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1921. 
Table  I  shows  the  minor  importance  of  imports  and  exports  of  live 
animals.  Table  II  shows  the  slight  importance  of  imports  and 
exports  of  fresh  lamb  and  mutton.  Table  III  gives  imports  and  ex- 
ports of  live  animals  from  and  to  the  various  countries,  and  suggests 
that  this  is  primarily  a  border  trade  with  Canada  and  Mexico. 
Table  IV  shows  imports  and  exports  of  dressed  lamb  and  mutton  by 
countries.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  only  year  when  imports  were 
of  much  importance  was  1920,  when,  in  an  eliort  to  move  heavy  war- 
time accumulations  in  the  hands  of  the  British  Government,  unprece- 
dented amounts  were  shipped  to  the  United  States.  Domestic 
consumers  refused  after  a  brief  interval  to  take  these  imports  and 
more  than  60  per  cent  were  reexported.  The  second  part  of  Table 
IV  gives  details  of  our  export  trade  in  mutton  and  lamb.  Table  V 
gives  imports  of  these  meats  by  months  during  1920  and  1921. 
,  The  great  bulk  of  the  arrivals  from  April,  1920,  to  February,  1921, 
were  of  Australasian  and  Argentine  origin. 

Table VI,  contrasts  Chicago,  Winnipeg,  and  Toronto  prices  for  lambs 
during  1920  and  1921.  The  spreads  between  Chicago  and  Canadian 
markets  in  1920  and  1921  were  affected  by  the  same  factors  which 
were  present  in  the  case  of  cattle,  but,  in  addition,  heavy  li(|uidation 
of  American  flocks  continued  throughout  1921.  The  limited  domestic 
598—22 6 


78 


i;Ki'i>i;r  <»\  nil':  k.mi'.iuiiixcv    iaimi  r  act. 


niarkot  was  thus  \vi>ll  sii|)plio(l,  and  prices  did  not  rise.  Comparing 
tljo  lirst  live  months  of  l'.»_'l  ^vith  the  hist  seven  months,  however, 
it  will  ho  notoil  that  the  Chii-a^o  i)roiniinn  widens.  Tahle  VII,  which 
(•()iiii>ares  prii'os  for  dr<>ssod  nuittou  ami  laml)  in  (^hica^o  and  Toronto, 
is  aihUnl  for  its  u;enoral  interest.  It  is  apj)arent  tiiat  the  lamh  market 
in  Chicago,  comi)ared  with  Toronto,  str<>ngtliened  considerahly  after 
June  1,  a  suhstantial  Toronto  premium  prior  to  Juno  1  being  changed 
to  a  substantial  Chicago  premium  thereafter. 

Tahi.k  I. — Sheep — Summary  table. 


On  farms  in 
United  States.' 


Imports.) 


Domestic 
exports.* 


N'umbrr. 


1900-1901  (average). 
1910-1914  (average) . 

1915 

1910 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 


8m,  000 
882,000 
956,000 
625,  CO) 
616,000 
603,000 
866,000 
114,000 
067,000 


Number. 

303,990 

88,468 

15.3, 317 

235, 659 

160, 422 

177,681 

>  163,28:} 

1  191),  549 

1  161, 292 


Number. 


252,138 

132, 601 

47, 213 

52,278 

58,811 

7,959 

116,117 

1  59, 155 

1  80, 72? 


1  Calciiihu  your.  «  Fiscal  years,  1900-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

T.VBLE  II. — Fresh  mutton — Summary  table. 
[000  wuitted.) 


Y  ear. 


Imports.2 


Exports.2 


Produc- 
tion.! 


1900 616,385 

1909 646, 277 

1914 773, 804 

1915 672, 880 

1916 663, 724 

1917 513, 997 

1918 562, 214 

1919 664, 431 


Pounds. 


12,711 
15,. 529 
20,258 
4,684 
2,008 
1S.209 


Per  cent 
of  produc- 
tion. 


1.64 
2.31 
3.05 
.91 
.36 
1.24 


Pounds. 


774 
1,499 
4,685 
3,877 
5,553 
3,196 
2,098 
1  3.009 


Per  cent; 

of  produ' - 

tion. 


0.13 
.23 
.61 
.58 
.84 
.62 
.37 
.45 


'  Calendar  year.  -  Fiscal  year. 

T.\BLE  III. — Sheep — Imports  and  exports  by  countries. 


Total. 


Year.' 


Im-    I    Ex- 
ports,    ports. 


Xo. 


No. 


1910-1914  (average)..     88,468   132,601 


1915 153,317 

1916 23.5,6.59 

1917 160,422 

1918 177,681 

1919 163,283 

1920 199, 549 

1921 161,292 


47, 213 
52, 278 
58, 811 


Canada. 


Im-    I    Ex- 
ports. !  ports. 


No. 


No. 


41,004   111,626 
46, 021     4.5,  500 


96,  552 
62,  .566 
7,9.59:  136,2.39 
16,1171  124,644 
59, 1.55[  ISl,  166 
80,723   158,540 


48, 149 
56, 648 
6,534 
1.5, 151 
25, 698 
18, 192 


Mexico. 


Im- 
ports. 


No. 
46, 660 
106,  526 
138, 743 
97,  202 
39, 879 
37,  .592 
17, 073 
2,357 


United 
Kingdom. 


Ex- 
ports. 


No. 
5, 1701 

4211 
436' 
760 
964 
501 
32, 2941 
49,018 


Im- 
ports. 


No. 
778 
719 
205 
249 

1,128 
964 

1,007 
380, 


All  other. 


Ex-         Im- 
ports. I  ports. 


No. 
12, 196 


No. 


8,629 


26l 

51 
159 
4051 
4351 

83 
303 

15 


Ex- 
ports 


No. 
3,609 
1, 292 
3,692 
1,387 
461 
465 
1,163 
4,884 


>  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 


REPORT   OX    THE   EMERGENCY  TARIFF   ACT. 


79 


Table  IV. — Fresh  mutton  and  lamb. 

GENERAL  IMPORTS  BY  COUNTRIBS. 


Year.' 


Total. 


I    United 
Kingdom. 


Canada.  Argentina.  ]  Uruguay. 


New 
Zealand. 


Pounds.  I  Pounds. 

19142 12,710,905  j  1,305,438 

1915 :  15,528,855  (      137,005 

191G I  20,257,999  \  98 

1917 !     4,684,131  89 

1918 2,007,601  I 

1919 !     8, 209, 182  

1920 101, 168, 319  |ll,  698, 687 

1921 i  25,394,988  i  2,696,944 


I  Pound.t.  I  Pounds.   I  Pounds.     Pounds. 

112,804  I  5,081,580  12,231,329  i      638,735 

479,522  '12,049,024  ;  790,445  1,548,397 
40,979  119,077,394    1,139,468    

118,330     3,798,9.32         34,700    

496,882  I  1,497,491    i 

6,791,9.39     1,307,224  I '        43,126 

9,208,600  9,010,007  14,638,890  65,183,343 
5,960,277     1,650,760  |      57,063  |l4,095,827 


AU 
other. 


Pounds. 

3,341,019 

524,462 

60 

732,080 

13,228 

66, 893 

1,428,792 

-934,117 


>  Fiscal  years.  1914-1918;  calendar  year.s,  1919-1921. 
2  Included  in  ''AU  other  meats"  prior  to  1914. 


DOMESTIC  EXPORTS. 


Year.i 


Total. 


:    United 
I  Kingdom. 


Canada. 


Ber- 
muda. 


Panama.!   Cuba. 


Ml 
other. 


Pounds.      Pounds.  Pounds. 

1910-1914  (average) 3, 539, 358  ^      650, 682  2, 392, 086 

1915 3,877,413  i      898,2:i5  [  2,545,320 

1916 5,552,918  2,109,031  i  2,925,0.52 

1917 3,195,576         177,443  ,  2,449,497 

1918 2,098,423  i        77,895  1  l,78;i,382 

1919. I  3,009,164  ;         24,122  2,594,402 

1920 3,575,409  I      176,326  1  1,818,988 

1921 7,515,438  i  3,609,156  3,215,426 


Pounds. 
115,253 
162,275 
174,238 
192,172 
25, 736 
80,257 
165,403 
212, 935 


Pounds. 

327,902 

214,227 

!  232,943 

I  294,804 

i  105,982 

t  176,745 

308,6.39 

264,570 


Pounds. 
35,450 
47,593 
22,005 
45,753 
61,881 
35, 278 

127,033 
92,904 


Pounds. 

17,985 
9,763 
89,649 
35,907 
43,547 
98,360 
979,020 
120,447 


»  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

Table  Y.~— Sheep  and  mutton,  imports  and  exports  bij  rtbonths. 


January 

Feljruary.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 

October 

November . 
December. . 


January 

February. . 

March 

April 

May 

Jutiu 

July 

!  Au'.;nst 

I  September. 

October 

November. 

December. . 


January... 
February . 
March 


Date. 


1920. 


Sheep 
Imports 


MuttoB  and  lamb. 


Domestic 
exports. 


Imports. 


Number. 

8,611 

3, 263 

5, 247 

1, 763 

1,114 

1,863 

1,633 

l,i,8.35 

37,  .534 

39, 687 

36, 689 

19,666 

.5, 232 

261 

1,241 

1,2.34 

416 

1,864 

856 

10,075 

3I,9:!8 

18,610 

11,437 

1,.575 


7,  .538 
3,499 
5,537 


Xumber. 

149 

13,320 

4, 034 

147 

426 

14, 9.58 

890 

246 

3,  407 

2,  558 

1,806 

6,937 


Pounds. 

864, 561 

850, 243 

744, 174 

2, 3.58, 858 

5, 253, 962 

2, 033, 200 

5,181,526 

13,9.56,578 

18,460,700 

27, 024, 972 

1.3,791,198 

10, 648,  347 


4,0.59 
8,  486 
4,00.5  I 
14,749 
10,098  ' 
23,  482  1 
1.5,744  I 
16,605  I 
8,094  • 


13,864,205 

4,980,140 

415,9.55 

.53,  ;;so 

47,  387 

103,  826 

113,801 

617,243 

1 ,  237,  402 


Domestic 
exports. 


6,244  I  1,. 301,. 338 
3,0(1  ]  1,244,103 
2,1.56   1,416,208 


174 

1,9.52 

770 


.568, 767 
901,724 
940,665 


Pounds. 
■286,043 
318, 104 
.538, 462 
217,328 
S61, 495 
122,065 
242,305 
175,169 
14.5, 163 
1.35,  .521 
108, 726 
425, 028 


562, 624 
371,, 574 
430, 679 
1 .  959,  709 
996,  1 86 

1,071,  s:w 

39.5,  37S 
410,765 
261,  446 
99,  .597 
176,218 
146,424 


19.5,089 
111,641 
81, 369 


80 


KKiNMiT  OX  'I'lii;  i:Mr:i{(JKNi'v  T.Mtii'i''  .\(vr, 
Tamlk  \l. — Lamb — /Vnr  ]>ir  100  pounds. 


Date. 

Chicago.' 

Wiiiiiipog 
curront 

ex- 
chniiRO.' 

Excess 
Chicago 

over 
Wiiuii- 

POR. 

Toronto 
current 

ox- 
change.' 

Excess 
Chicago 

over 
Toronto. 

1920. 
IftiMiftrv 

$18.78 
19.34 

15.  48 
18.62 

16.  SO 
15. 53 
14.34 
12.86 
13.05 
11.96 
11.46 
10.95 

10.30 
9. 12 
9.59 
10.04 
10.86 
10.44 
9.68 
9.04 
8.44 
8.52 
9.04 
10.58 

12.58 
14.21 

$12.97 
12.58 
12.78 
13.65 
14.13 
14.00 
15.45 
10. 95 
10. 39 
S.60 
7.96 
10.11 

9.20 

9.74 

10.18 

10.19 

10.31 

9.53 

9.76 

8.34 

7.67 

7.36 

7.22 

7.97 

S.07 
s.ii2 

$5.81 
6.76 
5.70 
4.97 
2.67 
1.53 

-1.11 
1.91 
2.66 
3.36 
3.50 
.84 

1.10 

—.62 

-.59 

-.15 

.55 

.91 

-.08 

.70 

.77 

1.16 

1.82 

2.61 

4.51 
5. 59 

$16. 89 
17.20 
16.  8S 
10.  97 
15. 14 
16.77 
14.84 
12.99 
12.26 
11.46 
11.32 
11.22 

10.67 
l6.34 
11.72 
11.98 
11.46 
12.92 
9.91 
8.09 
7.55 
7.59 
8.02 
10.26 

11.82 
12.80 

S1.S9 

Kcbniary 

2.14 

March 

1.60 

April 

1.65 

Mav 

1.66 

- 1.  24 

.1  ul  y 

-.50 

y\  UpiSt 

-.13 

.79 

..'■>o 

Novembor.             .          

.  11 

I'ccombcr 

1921. 

-.27 
-.37 

February 

March 

AprU 

May 

-  I.  22 
-2.  i:i 
-1.91 
-.00 
-2.4^ 

Augui^t 

<  )ctober 

.95 
.  S'.» 
.93 
1.02 

December 

1922. 

.70 

i.n 

>  Lambs,  84  pounds  down,  mediimi  choice.  '  Lambs,  good. 

Table  VII. — Mutton  and  lamb  ' — Price  per  100  pounds. 


Mutton. 

f<amb. 

Date. 

Chicago. - 

Toronto 
current 

ex- 
change.' 

Excess 
Chicago 

over 
Toronto. 

Chicago.'' 

Toronto 
current 

ex- 
change.'' 

Exc  ess 
Chicago 

over 
Toronto. 

1920. 

519.90 
23. 38 
23.  56 
25.67 
22.50 
20.13 
1.5.00 
14.50 
13.50 
11.70 
12.75 
11.50 

10.70 
10.63 
13.88 
14.40 
1.5.25 
12.50 
12.40 
12.06 
10.44 
10.00 
9.75 
11.25 

14.12 
17.25 

$18.30 
17.50 

18.28 
19.57 
27.09 

$1.60 

5.88 

.5.28 

6.10 

-4.59 

$30.90 
31.  SI 
CO.  00 
32. 00 
30. 70 
30.00 
30. 70 
27. 38 
26.38 
'.^3.60 
24. 12 
22.25 

21.50 
17.12 
19.62 
19.10 
22.00 
20.75 
23.40 
20.38 
18.00 
16.10 
18.25 
21.88 

24.50 
27.75 

$28.37 
27.13 
2S.05 

$2.  ,5:? 

4.6S 

.95 

\Jav                                               

28.88 
24. 94 
25.34 
24.84 
li,i.04 
23. 05 
22.  41 

23.65 
23.52 
26.29 
24.59 
23.91 
23.84 
22.37 
19.19 
15.77 
15.90 
16. 12 
20.60 

24.29 
24.39 

1.12 

July 

15.91 
13.98 
14.77 
13.99 
13.56 
12.30 

15.05 
14.64 
15.77 
16.84 
16.98 
16.93 
11.40 
14.28 
14.42 
14.  .54 
14.74 
13.73 

17. 15 
17.22 

-.91 

.52 

-1.27 

-2.29 

-.81 

-.80 

-4.35 
-4.01 
-1.89 
-2.44 
-1.73 
-4.43 
1.00 
-2.22 
-3. 98 
-4.54 
-4.99 
-2.48 

-l03 
.03 

.5.7K 

2.(14 

September 

1.51 

-I.4t 

1.07 

-.  16 

1921. 

-2.  15 

Februsfry 

March 

\pril 

-6.40 
-6.  G7 
-.5.49 

May 

June 

July 

Augu.st 

Septemljer 

October 

November 

Dec-ember 

1922. 

January 

February 

-1.01 
-3.  Of) 

1.  0:5 
1. 1'.) 

2.  ■:■■'. 

.  20 
2.  13 
I.'Js 

.21 
3. 3;i 

I  Chicago. 


■  Mutton,  good. 


'  Sheep,  good. 


*  Lamb,  good. 


'  Lamb,  yearlings. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 
PORK. 


81 


Article. 


Pork. 


Emergency 
tariff  rate. 


2  cents  per  pound. 


Senate  bill. 

Act  of  1913. 

I  cents  per  pound. 



Act  of  1900. 


The  United  States  is  by  far  the  leading  producer  and  exporter  of 
pork  and  pork  products.  Domestic  production  of  pork  ami^unted 
to  8,933,000,000  pounds  in  1919.     Of  the  1919  production,  2,112,000,- 

000  pounds  was  marketed  as  fresh  pork.  As  will  be  noted  in  the 
following  table,  imports  of  fresh  porK  are  a  small  fraction  of  1  per 
cent;  exports  have  averaged  several  times  as  large,  but  rareh^  over 

1  per  cent  of  domestic  production  marketed  in  the  fresh  form.  Most 
exports  leave  the  country  in  the  cured  forms.  Imports  are  almost 
entirely  of  Canadian  origin,  mainly  received  at  Chicago,  the  world's 
largest  packing  center.  Exports  go  to  widely  scattered  markets 
throughout  the  world,  though  chiefly  to  Canada  and  Great  Britain. 
The  former  country  usually  imports  about  ten  times  as  much  as 
she  exports  to  the  United  States.  Since  the  United  States  markets 
a  large  part  of  its  enormous  corn  crop  in  the  form  of  pork,  and  during 
recent  years  has  exported  from  750,000,000  to  nearly  2,000,000,000 
pounds  of  pork  and  pork  products  exclusive  of  lard,  it  is  probable 
that  no  duty  can  have  more  than  nominal  effect  on  domestic  prices. 
Because  of  our  heavy  exports  of  fresh  and  cured  pork  no  duty  could 
appreciably  affect  the  domestic  market  for  fresh  pork.  Statistics  of 
fresh  pork  are  presented  in  Tables  I  to  IV,  following. 

Table  I. — Fresh  pork— Summary  table. 
[000  omitted.] 


Year. 


Produc- 
tion.! 


1910-1914  (average  5  years) 

1915 

1916  

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 


Pounds. 
7, 060, 000 
8, 050, 000 
8,634,000 
6, 901, 000 
8, 854, 000 
8, 933, 000 
8, 193, 000 
8, 475, 000 


Imports.'     Exports  .2 


Pounds. 


16,250 
2,169 
1,651 
1,848 
2,779 
1,541 
816 


Pounda. 
2,(m 
3,908 
63,00.5 
50,435 
21,390 
20,777 
.38, 3a5 
56,083 


'  Calendar  years;  total  carcass  weight  of  hogs  slaughtered.  As  estimated  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture,  1,872,099,000  pounds  of  the  total  were  marketed  as  fresh  pork  in  1914  and  2,112,243  pounds  in 
1919;  i.  e.,  about  25  per  cent  of  the  total  is  so  marketed. 

^Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

Table  II. — Fresh  pork — Imports  by  countries. 


Year.i 


1914  «. 
1915.. 
1916.. 
1917.. 
I9I8.. 
1919.. 
1920.., 
1921... 


Total. 

United 
Kingdom. 

Russia  in 
Europe. 

Canada. 

Pounds. 

4, 624, 799 
16,250,514 
2, 169, 084 
1,651,227 
1,8'17,7,« 
2,779,;J61 
1,54I,0(J9 
816, 095 

Pounds. 
204 

Pounds. 
20,852 
18,  (m 

Pounds. 

4,602,415 
16,181,702 
2,017,060 
1,651,227 
l,8i;<,017  1 
2,407,001   1 
1,072,775  ■ 
805,868  1 

20 

73,426 
953 

All  other. 


Pounii. 

l,:i2S 
50, 72<) 
l.".2,00.| 

:U,7i6 

:i7i,7»io 
:m,  SOS 

9, 272 


•  Fiscal  years,  1914-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 
2  Included  in  all  othor  meats  prior  to  1914. 


vS-J 


KKPOKT    ON     rilK    K.MKH(;KNrV    TAIIIIM"    ACT. 
Taulk  III.  -Fresh  pork — Domtttlic  expurtx. 


.    ,   I  iiiited    I    Her-      r„„„,ift 


IdlO  I'.tll.    (aver-  !    Poiind.i.       Pmtndn.     I'nuuds.,    rinnuts 


20.SSii 
7l,iw;i 


Pana- 
ma. 


I'Diiiidx 


Mex- 
ico. 


Cuba. 


uRei 2,02;<,9U1         710,10>S 

IliLS 3,9(«,  HH  I  2,8i2,(««» 

1916 IO;f,U).'),.-iLM   20,4;il»,0(lS 

1917 '.'i(),4l.'i,(il,1   21,7S7,.V)0    115,057   2l,Si2,,5:il   piiis.lUid 

1918 |2I,;«)0,2SS     8.2U,!tfi2       9,04»    ll,:i<.)5,().)l      It, 721 

1919 !26,776,97S     1,197,244      '       "      '        


H97,517   52l,ti21 
4fi,  144    :i70, 125 

i(12,2i)»l    :'.Si»,4li4 


:M,'.I24   21, 


ISLIOO 


P<iiimh.\  Poinid.i. 

1,1(55  ii;tl,:i7i) 

;<,995  'l:«),(i!K) 

6,  Sly  ;t:i7,5:t(i 

7, '.145  |I77,.52S 

4,165  1372,  (Wt 

10,100  .5-1.5,  :tio 


Philip- 
pine 
Islands. 


Pounds. 

117,118 
77,277 
21,7.5,S 
.5it,  6  «) 
42,881 
14,000 


1920 ;<8,.m5,216    I!),4<M,.504  I  7.5,7ls    12,717,.'49    197,8^2     92,(i(M    7(2,991)     5.<,00(l 

1U21 l56,08-<,"^63  :17,039,.59S  I  46,918    2.),'.U5,.;(ll    517,710  !llG,.'>00   '.)7.i,925     01,910 


All 
other. 


Pmi/nds. 
lis, 120 
:iO".l,0!0 
2, 7iH),  .S77 
1,0.57,008 
!,2,S7,7.{6 
2,,S.S.S,657 
5,0:il,0!0 
l:i,41I,329 


»  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

Table  I\'. — Fresh  pork — Importu  and  exports,  by  months. 


Dale. 


1920, 

.lanuary 

February 

Mareh 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 


Imports,   i    Exports. 


Pounds. 

127. 1.55 

234,013 
45, 249 
69,011 

148,410 
50,896 
33,877 
47,959 
50,560 

539,355 
68, 810 

125,114 


Pounds. 
2,271,7,51 
.5,981,508 
2,967.189 
1,0.">4,2S5 
1,010.923 
4,091,083 
2, 000, 390 
390,  993 
.547, 3:>(i 
.5, 102,  42S 
2, 515, 373 
9, 759, 357 


January. 
February.. 

March 

April , 

May 

June 

July 

.\ugusl 

September. 

October 

November., 
December.. 


1921. 


January.. 
February. 
March 


Impuris. 


Pounds. 
37, 492 
33, 183 

138,539 
39,341 
30,207 
68, 058 
11,916 
20,410 
56,047 

226,180 
46,873 

107, 847 


149,093 
111,044 
56,811 


Exports. 


Pounds. 

18,091,971 
5,914,797 
2,904,420 
3, 937,  ,597 
3, 173, 520 
2,039,244 
7,378,783 
3, 807, 102 
1,. 559, 081 
2,4.58,333 
2,716,310 
1,410,099 


1,063,800 
879, 227 
910,504 


MEATS,  PREPARED  OR  PRESERVED. 


Article. 

Emergency  tariff 
rate. 

1 
.Senate  biU.                 Act  of  1913. 

Act  of  1909. 

Meats  of  all  kinds,  pre- 
pared or    pre.>!ervcd, 
n.  s.  p.  f. 

25  per  cent. . 

Free 

2  cents  per  pound. 
20  Dor  cent 

4  cent.s  per  pound 

Ml  olhcr 

25  per  cent  (aver- 

age). 

Imports  of  prepared  and  preserved  meats  into  the  United  States 
have  never  been  of  more  than  neghgible  importance.  Tables  I  and 
II  show  this  (juite  clearly.  On  the  other  liand,  excluding  bacon, 
hams,  and  other  pork  products,  exports  of  prepared  and  preserved 
meats  have  far  exceeded  imports.  They  increased  greatly  during 
the  war  years,  and  have  since  returned  nearly  to  pre--war  figures. 
The  pre-war  export  total  not  only  was  far  larger  than  imports,  but 
was  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the  world  to  supply  a  special  trade  for 
these  somewhat  specialized  products.  Imports  of  bacon,  hams,  and 
other  pork  products,  have  come  mainly  from  Canada  in  the  form  of 
English  type  of  meats.     Our  exports  to  Canada  have  far  exceeded 


REPORT   OX    THE   EMERGENCY  TARIFF   ACT. 


83 


imports,  while  the  export  total  fs  about  equal  to  that  of  all  other 
countries.  Our  exports  increased  greatly  during  the  war  years,  and 
in  the  case  of  bacon  and  hams,  remain  far  above  the  pre-war  figure. 
Tables  III  and  IV  show  this  export  trade. 

Table  I. — Meals,  prepared  or  preserved — Imports. 


Year.i 

Bacon  and 
bams. 

ileats,  pre- 
pared or 
preserved  .3 

Sausage,      ^'^^^,^' 
^<"«S°a-      proXts.3 

^  aimed 
meats.* 

1914          .                          

Pounds. 

2,008,960 

7,  .542, 446 
667,667 
190, 293 
260,031 

2,  646,  235 
754, 735 
166,245 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

730,326 

209,484 

47, 287 

682 

15, 056 

71,7^2 

15o,  735 

56,790 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

1915 

1916           

1917                  .              

1918 

1919       

21,189,854 
7, 199, 037 
2,981,254 

1920          

1921              .          .   .  .   .   

189  298 

'  Fiscal  years,  1914-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921 

■^  Quantity  not  given. 

3  Quantity  not  given  prior  to  1919. 

*  No  imports  listed  prior  to  1921 . 


T.'i.BLE  II. — Meats,  prepared  or  preserved — Imports  by  months. 


January... 
February. . 

Marcb 

April 

May 

June 

July — ».. 

.\ugust 

September. 

October 

Xovember. 
December. . 


January 

February. . 

-March 

April 

May 

June , 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. . 
December . . 


January.. 
February. 
March 


Date. 


1920. 


1921. 


Bacon  and 
ham. 


Pounds. 
80,550 
23,772 
47,483 
113,580 
38,401 


Meats,  pre- 
pared or 
preserved. 


16, 782 
59,100 
29,041 
49,317 
8.754 


1,382,287 
869,774 
608, 643 

1,720,121 
437, 753 
674,511 


Sausage, 
bologna. 


I    All  other 

meat 
.  products. 


Pounds. 

15,004 
7,339 
3,034 

10,450 
1,508 


18,099 
3,845 

18,940 
5,983 
8,106 


Pounds. 
198, 998 
64,232 
144,451 
658,593 
821,228 
188, 795 


338, 885 
192,217 
267,027 
144,658 
249,066 
242, 731 
236,254 
224,442 
296,016 
99, 795 
230, 715 
331,944 


318,404 
566,  .562 
486,860 


Canned 
meats. 


Pounds. 


7,779 

6,335 
89,242 

7,502 
57,712 

S,431 
12,297 


9,59 

7,718 

891 


84 


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EEPORT    ON    THE    EMERGENCY    TATJFI'    ACT. 


85 


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ijKPoHT  ON    riiK  k.mi;iu;i;n('n   'iai;ii  r  .\ci\ 

COTTON. 


Article. 


EiiierKency  turilT 
rate. 


Cotton  having  a  staple  1  7  cents  per  pound. 

of  11  im-ht«  or  more  | 

in  loncth. 
Miuimiu'tiiros    of   long  :  7  oeut.^  piT  poiiiul, 

slu;  If  I'otion.  ioinMi'ii-;;il(ii\  ." 


Senate  I. ill. 


Act  „f  1913. 


Act  of  1909. 


7  ccjits  per  pound.    Free. 

lOcenKspcr  pound 


Free. 


Tho  oin(M-«!;onov  tnriH"  (tf  7  cents  per  pound  on  cotton  havino;  a  staple 
of  \l  inches  or  more  ailects  a  relativelv  small  portion  of  the  cotton 
trade  of  the  United  States.  Out  of  a  total  production  of  12,000,000 
hales  annually  only  ahout  100.000  hales  in  1920  were  of  a  staple  of 
If  inches  or  more.  Exact  import  statistics  of  this  staple  are  not 
availahle,  hut  reckoning  such  imports  to  he  50  per  cent  of  the  total 
imports  from  Egypt  it  is  foun<l  that  ahout  200,000  bales  of  long 
staple  fiher  wa.s  imported  in  1920. 

These  imports  were  abnormal,  however,  and  it  is  probable  that 
100.000  bales  of  the  long  fil)er  would  be  near  the  correct  figure  for 
the  average  imports  for  the  past  live  years. 

A  general  view  of  the  cotton  situation  is  given  in  the  following 
table: 

Table  I. — Cotton — Summary  table. 


Year. 

Total  do- 
mestic pro- 
duction.' 

Produc- 
tion of 
.Vmerican- 
Egyptian. 

Imports  of 

Egyptian 

cotton. 

Exports. 

1911 

Bales  of 
500  lbs. 
16, 2.-)0, 276 
14,313,015 
14,795,367 
16,992,000 
12, 123, 000 
12,780,644 
12, 428, 094 
12,970,048 
11,93.3,501 
13,879,916 

Bales  of 
600  lbs. 

Bales  of 
600  lbs. 

Bales  of 
600  lbs. 
8, 087, 882 

1912                         

375 

2,135 

6,187 

1,095 

.3,331 

15,966 

3  36, 187 

3  40,437 

3  92,561 

3  37,094 

11, 070, 2,11 

1913 

191, 075 
138,579 
252, 373 
3.50,796 
199, 892 
114,580 
100,006 
485,004 
87, 168 

9,124,591 
9,521,881 

1914 

1915 

8, 807, 157 
6,  l'J8, 140 

1916 

1917     

6,176,162 

191S 

4,641,02:5 

1919 .'. 

5, 525, 893 

1920 

7,087,487 

1921 

I  Gross  bales^including  linters).  ^  fiscal  years;  including  linters.  3  Running  bales. 

The  two  significant  columns  in  this  table  are  the  production  of 
American-Egyptian  cotton  and  the  imports  of  Egyptian  cotton  into 
this  country. 

Prior  to  the  enactment  of  the  emergency  tariff  all  imports  from 
Egypt  were  reported  together.  In  the  earlier  years  given  in  the  table, 
omy  a,  small  percentage  of  the  Egyptian  imports  were  If  inches  and 
over  but  in  recent  years,  1919  and  1920,  for  example,  nearl}'  50  per 
cent  were  of  such  staple.  After  the  enactment  of  the  emergency 
tariff  only  about  18  per  cent  of  the  total  imports  were  dutiable. 

The  column  showing  the  development  oi  Egyptian  cotton  in  this 
country  is  of  special  significance  inasmuch  as  tiie  emergency  duty 
w^as  designed  to  protect  this  industry.  In  1912  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  began  to  encourage  the  production  of  long 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


87 


;- tuple  cotton  in  the  Salt  River  Valley  in  Arizona.  At  first  the  Yuma 
\  ariet}'  was  extensively  grown  but  in  recent  3'ears  a  variation  of  it 
called  Finia  has  spread  over  almost  the  entire  acreage  of  the  valley. 
Under  the  stimulus  of  war  prices  about  75  per  cent  of  the  irrigated 
area  of  the  Salt  River  District  was  planted  in  cotton  in  1920.  The 
crop  was  more  than  double  that  of  1919  and  this  fact  together  with 
the  depression  in  the  cotton  industry  in  the  latter  part  of  1920, 
resulted  in  a  surplus  that  could  not  be  marketed  at  remunerative 
prices.  In  1921  the  production  fell  to  about  37,000  bales  as  compared 
with  over  90,000  in  1920. 

The  acreage  planted  in  cotton  in  the  southwest  since  1917  is  as 
follows : 

Acreage. 

1918 70,  000 

1919 82, 000 

1920 180,  000 

1921 70,  000 

1922  (estimate) 85, 000 

Because  of  the  limited  area  suitable  for  the  growth  of  Pima  cotton 
it  is  probable  that  the  production  of  this  variety  will  never  assume 
large  proportions  as  compared  with  the  total  American  cotton  crop. 
Pima  requires  from  275  to  300  days  between  frosts  to  mature  as  com- 
pared with  about  225  days  for  ordinary  upland  cotton.  Further- 
more, a  hot  dry  climate  wnth  special  soil  and  irrigation  facilities  are 
necessary  to  give  the  proper  quality  and  length  of  fiber. 

SAKELLARIDES    COTTON    IN    EGYPT. 

The  increase  in  the  production  figures  for  long-staple  cotton  in  the 
United  States  since  1912  might  seem  to  indicate  a  great  future  for 
this  variety,  but  for  reasons  given  above  no  such  phenomenal  devel- 
opment may  be  expected  in  this  country  as  was  made  by  a  compar- 
able cotton  in  Egypt.  About  the  time  long-staple  cotton  was  intro- 
duced into  the  irrigated  area  of  Arizona  and  California  a  new  variety 
began  to  spread  in  Egypt. — namely,  Sakellarides.  Beginning  with  7 
per  cent  of  the  crop  area  in  1911  this  variety  spread  over  the  delta 
of  the  Nile,  until  in  1921  nearly  80  per  cent  of  the  cotton  acreage  of 
Egypt  was  planted  in  Sak.*  The  following  table  shows  the  spread 
of  this  grade  in  Egypt: 

Table  II. — Development  of  Sakellarides  cotton  in  Egypt. 
[From  the  Aiinuaire  Statistique  <1920  Sarrafs'  Returns)  I 


^'car. 


Feddn7u<. 

.lan. 1,711,241 

1912 1  1,721,815 

1913 1,723,094 

1914 1,755,270 

1915 1,186,004 

1916 1,655,512 


^atio 

of 

reaofSak. 

Sak. 

to 

total. 

Per 

Feddanx . 

cent. 

119,036 

7.0 

197,456 

11.5 

217,292 

14.4 

394, 403 

22.4 

547,923 

46.2  '\ 

1,032,140 

62.4  II 

ll 

Year. 


1917 
1918 
1910 
1920 
1921 


Total  area. 


Feddann. 
1,677,310 
1,315,572 
1,573,662 
I,S27,K70 
I,29I,.S7,S 


liatio 
of 
Area  of  Sak.  Sak 

!  to 

1  total 


Fiddnti". 
1,133,180 

952, 4K1 
1,146,443 
1,270,4SI 

995,479 


Per 
cent. 
67.  5 
72.  5 
72.9 
69.  5 
77.0 


for  brevity  and  convenience  f-akellarides  is  oticn  ahhrciatrfl  to  .'-ak 


88 


KKrOKT    1>N    TIIK    K MKKUKXl'Y    TAIIil  I     ACT. 


It  i.s  siixtiilicant  tliiit  whilo  tlio  avtMi  nliuiti'd  to  Sak.  cotton  hns 
l)oiMi  «^nulually  iiu'ri'a.siiii^  .siiici>  \\)\l,  the  total  cottoii  acreage  in 
Kgvpt  luis  not.  increa.><e(l.  It  wa.s  al>out  1,700.01)0  Icdilaius  (a  feddan 
is  rouglilv  1  acre)  in  1011.  as  com|)arcd  \vitli  l,2i)0,000  in  1921. 

Table  1  nives  imports  of  l^gy|)lian  cotton  l)y  years  only.  A  mon^ 
detailed  stattMiient  hv  months  is  shown  in  the  following;  table: 


Tmu  k    III  V       /Vv 


-/■ 


('/..v 


MoiiUi  of  crop  yc!ir. 

Total  im- 

norts  of 
hR>-ptian 
cotton. 

Duti- 
able im- 
ports. 

Bala. 

total 
(lutiablo 
cotton 
to  total 

KRVp- 

tian  Im- 
ported. 

Per  cent. 

Month  of  crop  yciir. 

i~ 

1                   1921. 

'  January 

Febmarv 

Total  ira- 
norts  of 

hgyplian 
cotton. 

Bales. 

7,055 

7,908 

13,587 

15,190 

6,369 

.'«,202 

2,452 

4,728 

3,396 

18,974 

27,126 

41,224 

25,929 
36,242 
47,636 

Duti- 
able im- 
ports. 

Bales. 

liaitoi.i 
total 

dutiablt^ 
cotton 
to  totrt ; 
Esyp- 

tianlni- 

portP'l. 

1919. 
AtiKUst 

Baltx. 
11,279 

45,8<iS 
11,020 
31,020 
27.358 

66,5.i3 
96,524 
110,952 
56,118 
6,890 
8,453 
12,9<;9 
12,870 
2,492 
12 
2,941 
8,083 

Percew. 

September 

October 

March 

November 

April 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

December 

Mav 

Juiio 

2,274 
1,142 
1,731 
1,500 
4,361 
3,612 
4,104 

1,476 
8,290 
9,465 

27. 7S 

1920. 

July 

4t}.  .V' 

J.inuarr 

August 

36.  r>2 

Februarv 

September 

44.  i: 

March 

October 

22.  Ot- 

April  

November 

is.  31 

Mav 

Derfimlw           ,   . 

9.  •).'■) 

June 

1922. 
Januarv 

Julv 

Aupist 

5.  Oi- 

September 

February 

22.87 

October 

March 

19.87 

Average 

December 

18.  n« 

! 

Table  IIIb. — Dutiable  cotton — Imports  and  stocks  in  bonded  warehouse. 


Period. 


General 
imports. 


1921 

Second  quarter  (June  only) 

Third  quarter 

Fourth  quarter 

1922 
First  quarter 


Bales  of 
BOO 

pounds. 
2,274 
4,373 
12,077 


19,231 


Imports 
for  con- 
sump- 
tion. 


Bales  of 

600 
pounds. 
2,030 
3,978 
10,123 


15,638 


Stocks  ui 

ware- 
bouse  at 
end  of 
quarter. 


Bales  m 

SCO 
pounds. 

24t 

9; 

l,.17i 


J,  96."} 


Two  significant  points  are  brought  out  by  this  table,  (1)  the  alter- 
n-ate  prosperity  and  depression  in  the  cotton  manufacturing  industry 
in  this  country  since  August,  1919,  as  shown  by  the  variation  in  ini- 
ports,  and  (2),  the  fact  that  relatively  little  of  the  cotton  imports 
since  May,  1921,  have  been  of  the  dutiable  variety. 

Imports  during  the  earlier  part  of  1920  w^ere  nearly  100,000  bales 
a  month,  but  by  the  end  of  the  year  they  had  fallen  to  2,000  or  3,000 
bales  monthly.  The  depression  continued  well  into  1921,  but  with 
the  marketing  of  the  new  Egyptian  cotton  crop  imports  increased 


REPORT   OX    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT, 


89 


M.ntii  during  the  past  winter  they  wore  well  up  to  the  monthly  totals 
iku  the  fall  of  1919.  Over  40,000  bales  in  December,  1921,  and  nearly 
50,000  in  March,  1922,  show  a  revival  in  the  cotton  trade. 

The  dutiable  imports,  however,  are  relatively  low.  Normally 
Sak.  cotton  would  run  about  50  per  cent  of  the  total  monthly  imports, 
but  since  May,  1921,  dutiable  imports  (chiefly  Sak.)  have  averaged 
kss  than  20  per  cent  of  the  total  Egyptian  imports.     Dutiable  im- 

forts  for  consumption  were  still  less  than  general  imports  (see  Table 
IIb)  .     The  difference  in  figures  returned  for  the  two  classes  of  im- 
ports is  accounted  for  by  the  stocks  in  customs  bonded  warehouses. 

SEA-ISLAND    COTTOX    AND    THE    TARIFF. 


The  possible  effect  of  the  emergency 
sea-island  cotton  in  the  United  States  is 
a  large  part  of  the  sea-island  crop  is  or 
over  in  length,  and,  therefore,  would  be 
duty.  At  the  present  time,  however, 
eluninated  from  the  American  market  b 
boll  weevil.  The  following  table  shows 
m  recent  vears : 


tariff  on  the  production  of 
of  some  importance  because 
was  of  a  staple  If  inches  or 
protected  by  the  emergency 
sea-island  cotton  is  almost 
ecause  of  the  ravages  of  the 

the  decline  of  the  industry 


Table  IV. — American  sea-island  cotton  crop. 
[From  Federal  Census.) 


Season. 

Total  crop. 

American 
consump- 
tion. 

Total 
exports. 

! 

Season. 

Total  crop. 

American 
consump- 
tion. 

Total 
exports. 

lOO-Ve 

1906-7 

1907-8 

1908-9 

1909-10 

1910-11 

1911-12 

1912-13 

Running 

bales. 

112,539 
57^550 
86,895 
93,858 
94,791 
90, 368 

119,293 
73,  777 

Running 
bales. 
72,801 
59,632 
44, 147 
67, 749 
75, 605 
64, 237 
94,856 
54.778 

Running 

bales. 
41,111 
20, 222 
33, 286 
26, 141 
1  29, 700 
22,600 
2.5,200 
13, 100 

1 

1913-14 

1914-15 

191.5-16 

1916-17 

1917-18 

I  1918-19 

1919-20 

1920-21 

Running 

bales. 

77,563 

81,6.54 

91,844 

117,5,59 

92,619 

52, 208 

6,916 

1,868 

Running 
bales. 
81, 673 
79,394 
82, 645 
94,291 
85,939 
51, 183 
42, 971 
18,799 

Running 
bales. 
18,000 
7,400 
4,600 
2,300 
2,900 
4,850 
5,400 

>  Calculated  from  the  500-pound  bales  on  the  average  gross  weight  per  bale  for  the  year  ,for  the  remain- 
ing years. 

From  a  total  production  of  nearly  120,000  bales  in  the  season  of 
1917-18  the  output  fell  to  less  than  2,000  bales  in  1920-21.  It  is 
probable  that  by  clearing  the  fields  of  the  weevil  there  will  be  a  con- 
siderable future  production,  but  because  of  the  special  uses  to  which 
this  cotton  is  put  and  the  absence  of  any  comparable  variety  else- 
where in  the  world  it  is  doubtful  whether  a  tariff  would  have  an}'- 
great  effect  on  its  revival.  The  producers  of  sea-island  cotton  face 
a  biological  rather  than  an  economic  problem. 


CONSUMPTION    OF    LONG-STAPLE    COTTON. 

Inasmuch  as  long-staple  cotton  is  used  for  special  purposes,  it  is 
important  to  ascertain  its  consumption  in  the  industries  affected  by 
the  tariff.  Unfortunately  no  figures  are  available  for  consumption 
by  industries  for  the  dutiable  imports,  but  the  following  tabic  shows 
the  distribution  of  consumption  for  Egyptian  cotton  as  a  whole  and 
for  American-Egyptian  in  the  same  inciusti'ies. 


90 


r.KPoHT  ox  Tin:  KMKm;i:Ni'Y  taihi  f  act. 


Table  \' .   ■  ( 'onsunt i>tinn  nf  Kgiiptian  «»»</  Amrriran-  fCqifplittn  colton  in  the  ['iiihd  Shih  >. 
hiiiiiiluslr'us.  I'l.'o    'I.  10.' i    >J. 


l•.^;yI>Il!»Il  coiion  ni  .'i()i)-prtiiii(l  bales. 


n.ilo. 


Ti.lnl  '^'■■<'  Sowing      Kino  Mnth«     Other  it;- 


S«>pttMiibor. 
t)otober.. . 
Novpinl»er. 
December. . 


\:\,  sr.:; 
:.,'  201 

I.  lU'iU 

.!,  I'.i:; 


•1, 2SC. 
4,  ()7.S 
.%  719 
3,  2L»0 
•J,  435 


.!,  1 H 
•-',  743 
■2,  572 
1,404 


.i,  Om> 

2, 8.VJ 

1, 37.' 

94:> 

72'> 


January.. 
February. 
March.... 

April 

May 

June 

July 


Twelve  months . 


1921, 


AURUSt 

September. 
Oetober. . . 
November. , 
DccenilKT. . 


1922. 


January. . 
Febniary. 
March 


Eight  months. 


Date. 


7,  <;m) 

7,  UK) 
<>,  7o:, 

12,  ^.»^ 

11,7';.") 

15,44t> 
15,717 


I.  30S 
3.117 
1,  42S 

II, 'JIK) 

y,  1137 

9,  4(K) 
10,420 


2,06S 
2, 4.')7 
3,  (m 
3,(144 
3,511 
3,983 
3,273 


911 
903 
976 
751 
857 
985 
1,006 


159,196 


84,505 


40,938 


17,411 


20,263 

I.S.S9.1 
1SS9I 
•22.  292 


21),  7»3 
19,908 
20, 379 


159, 189 


13, 821 

s,  723 

in,(is(i 

).{, '2KS 
12,  (-.11 


13, 702 
12, 357 
11,561 


3,906 
4,137 
4,  988 
.5,  542 
.-.,  52« 


4,483 
4,599 
6,003 


3y;: 

iV2:< 


1,07- 
4,0l.>- 


16,342 


96,752 


39,184 


1,329  ^ 

l,.-)79  1 

1, 143 

1,160 

.V41 


1,064 
1,543 
1,584 


10,243 


1,201 

1,4.5!'. 
2,074 
2,301 
l,S0l 


1,5.34 
1,  401' 
1,231 


13,010 


1920. 

Aueust 

.September 

October 

November 

December 

1921. 

January 

February 

.March 

April 

.May 

June 

July 

Twelvemonths 

1921. 

.^ueru.st 

September. .  ^ 

October 

November 

December 

1922. 

January 

February 

March 

Eight  months 


American-Egyptian  cotton  in  running  bales. 


» 

Total. 

Tire 
fabrics. 

1,6S7 

Sewing 
thread. 

Fine  cloths. 

Other  in- 
dustries. 

'            2,.>49 

319 

208 

33.1 

>            1,590 

1,236 

225 

61 

as 

1.194 

83S 

212 

66 

78 

771 

421 

183 

.■)0 

117 

NS7 

583 

183 

32 

^'^ 

3s9 

ls2 

96 

8.5 

<% 

H57 

32 

102 

4." 

947 

779 

45 

87 

3'. 

l,a37 

],14.s 

4 

1.53 

:5-2 

1,  838 

1,469 

.59 

259 

51 

1,902 

1,380 

1.58 

.327 

!17 

2,471 

1,93S 

134 

248 

151 

10,771 

12,298 

1,650 

1,678 

1,145 

2,239 

1,729 

65 

347 

98 

2, 1.58 

1,213 

322 

445 

178 

2,277 

1,035 

004 

542 

95 

2, 5.57 

1,305 

608 

425 

219 

3,240 

1,708 

598 

558 

376 

4,030 

2,394 

795 

653 

1>H 

3,7.59 

2,259 

787 

614 

OH 

4,286 

,        2,066 

872 

1,191 

l.iT 

24,546 

13, 710 

4,6.51 

4,775 

1.  42H 

EEPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY  TARIFF  ACT.  91 

Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  the  total  consumption  of  Egyp- 
tian cotton  for  the  eight  months  ending  with  March,  1922,  was  al- 
most exactly  the  same  as  for  the  whole  year  ending  July,  1921, 
that  is  about  159,000  bales.  This  figure  is  to  be  compared  with  the 
consumption  of  Pima  cotton,  which  was  about  16,000  bales  for  the 
full-year  period  and  about  24,000  bales  in  the  recent  eight-months 
period. 

It  may  appear  that  this  increase  in  the  consumption  of  Pima  is 
not  significant  in  view  of  the  fact  that  it  is  equal  to  only  about 
one-seventh  of  the  consumption  of  Egyptian  imports  in  the  last 
eight  months.  As  a  mattter  of  fact,  however,  only  about  one-fifth  of 
the  Egyptian  imports  are  comparable  with  the  Pima  grade.  It  is  safe 
to  say,  therefore,  that  since  the  date  of  the  emergency  tariff  the  con- 
sumption of  Pima  in  the  United  States  has  increased  as  compared 
with  the  consumption  of  dutiable  Sak. 

Another  interesting  point  brought  out  in  this  table  is  the  consump- 
tion of  cotton,  both  Egyptian  and  American,  by  the  motor-tire 
industry.  Tire  fabrics  absorbed  about  100,000  bales  of  the  two  varie- 
ties during  the  fiscal  year  1920  and  about  110,000  bales  for  the  recent 
eight  months'  period,  but  inasmuch  as  only  a  small  portion  of  the 
EgjTptian  imports  were  dutiable  in  the  last  period,  it  appears  that 
only  40,000  to  50,000  bales  of  a  staple  If  inches  or  over  were  used  in 
tire  fabrics.  These  figures  are  to  be  compared  with  an  estimated 
annual  consumption  of  420,000  to  480,000  bales  of  all  cotton  used  in 
motor  tires,  according  to  the  Rubbei*  Association  of  America.^  It  is 
certain,  therefore,  that  the  tire  manufacturers  are  not  using  a  large 
portion  of  dutiable  cotton  in  their  product,-  nor  are  they  shifting  to 
the  use  of  American-Egyptian  under  the  emergency  tariff  to  any 
great  extent. 

The  mcreased  use  of  Pima  in  thread  and  fine  cloths  is  notable  as 
compared  with  the  use  of  Egyptian  in  these  products.  The  use  of  the 
latter  declined  in  the  eight  months  as  compared  with  the  full  previous 
year,  but  the  use  of  the  former  increased  from  about  3,300  bales  in  the 
nscal  year  1920-21  to  about  9,500  bales  in  the  eight  months  ending 
with  March,  1922. 

STOCKS    ox    HAND. 

Another  table  of  some  significance  is  that  of  the  stocks  of  Pima  and 
Egyptian  cotton  on  hand  in  the  United  States  for  recent  months. 

1  statement  in  "  Proposed  Tariff  on  I^ong  Staple  Cotton,"  by  the  Rubber  Association  of  America.  (Ac- 
cording to  the  brief  the  association  represents  about  90  per  cent  of  the  tire  production  in  the  United 
States.) 

2  The  brief  referred  to  above  states  that  normally  80  to  90  per  cent  of  their  consumption  of  imported  cotton 
is  of  the  upper  Egyptian  varie)  y  and  only  10  to  20  per  cent  of  Sak. 


92 


liKPOUT    ON    TIIK    KMKlUiKNCV    T.MMI'F    ACT. 


T.Mii.K  VI. — Storks  of  Aiiiciiain  Inuij-xtaple  cation. 
|Kron>  Fodorul  Census.) 


Month. 


Aiisn.^t 

September. 
Oct  olH<r . . . 
Novonibor. 
Detinnber. 
January. .. 
February. . 

Manh 

April 

May 

June 

July 


Kgyptlan  cotton. 

Amerlcaii-Kgyp- 
tian  cotton". 

1919-201 

1920-21' 

1921-22  I 

1920-21 ' 

1921-221 

Running 

Running 

Bales. 

Bales. 

Bales. 

bales. 

bales. 

•I(),3l.i 

198,780 

113,112 

19,060 

51,SS3 

70,  WIS 

lS2,iX)9 

98,589 

17,190 

49,  KM} 

OS,  15,5 

1(17,  K% 

8.5, 384 

13,656 

50,410 

fi:<,009 

l.'i7,7l.5 

99,195 

29,991 

.58,351 

71,212 

■1.53,i».KS 

110,375 

43,949 

ci,7.sy 

SS,.|17 

i-w.-'ao 

127,711 

50,601 

91,293 

lavogi 

H5,U-(53 

120,584 

53,974 

92,037 

133, 170 

11),  039 

117,896 

54,794 

92,919 

225)  707 

148,9')0 
117,051 
112,319 
128,002 

56, 023 

259,336 
2«,9,'j» 
220,099 

53,946 
54,2^S5 
55,237 

>  Crop  years  ending  July  31. 


Stocks  of  Egyptian  have  increased  recently  as  compared  with  the 
autumn  of  1921,  but  they  are  no  higher  than  they  were  a  year  ago. 
Stocks  of  Pima,  on  the  other  hand,  have  increased  steadily  since 
October,  1920;  from  about  13,000  bales  in  that  month  they  have 
accumulated  until  nearly  93,000  bales  were  reported  in  March,  1922. 
This  latter  figure  is  especially  significant  when  it  is  recalled  that  the 
total  crop  for  1921  was  37,000  bales  and  that  the  maximum  annual 
production  (1920)  was  about  92,000  bales. 

The  foregoing  tables  of  production,  consumption,  and  importations 
of  long  staple  cotton  are  cniefly  significant  for  tariff  purposes  in  their 
effect  on  relative  prices  of  imported  and  domestic  cotton.  In  the  fol- 
lowing tables,  therefore,  will  be  presented  prices  of  Sak.  cotton,  both  in 
Boston  and  Liverpool,  and  of  comparable  grades  of  Pima  in  Boston. 

Table  VIIa. — Cotton — Prices,  Liverpool  and  Boston,^  spot  quotations.^ 


Egyptian 
Sakellarides. 

American 

Difference  in  price. 

Fully 

good, 

Boston, 

over 
average 
flne  to 
good, 
Liver- 
pool. 

Pima 

No  2 

FuUy 

Date. 

Liver- 
pool, 
averag'ie 
fine  to 
good. 

Boston, 
fullv 
good. 

Egyptian; 

Boston, 

Pima 

No.  2. 

Boston, 
over 

average 
flne  to 
good, 
Liver- 
pool. 

good, 
over 
Boston, 
over 
Pima 
No.  2, 
Boston. 

1921. 

8 

S0.3G 
.40 
.49 
.38 
.35 

15 

$0.45 
.43 
.42 
.41 

$0.37 
.33 
.32 
.33 

$0.05 
.03 
.04 
.06 

-$0.03 

-  .07 

-  .06 

-  .02 

$0.08 

22 

.10 

29 

.10 

Feb. 

5 

.08 

19...... 

.31 

.37 

.28 

.06 

-     .03 

.09 

26 

.27 

.32 

:i? 

.05 

-     .03 

.08 

Mar. 

5 

.26 

.36 

.10 

-     .01 

.09 

12 

IP 

26 

.27 
.29 
.32 

.39 

.32 

.07 

.00 

.07 

Apr. 

2 

.32 

.41 

.32 

.09 

.00 

.09 

9 

.32 
.33 
.33 

.39 

.29 

.07 

-     .03 

.10 

16::: :.: 

23 

.41 

.32 

.08 

-     .01 

.09 

.30 

7 

.33 
.33 

.40 
.42 

.07 
.09 

Mav 

..32 

-     .01 

.10 

14 

.33 

.36 

.34 

.03 

.01 

.02 

28 

.32 

.37 

.35 

.05 

,03 

.02 

'  Liverpool  quotations  from  the  Manchester  Guardian.    Boston  quotations  from  Market  Reporter. 
'  Liverpool  prices  converted  into  American  money  at  the  rates  of  exchange  current  on  the  dates  of 
quotations. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


93 


TabIe  VIIa. — Cotton — Prices,  Liverpool  and  Boston,  spot  quotations — Continued. 

EMERGENCY  TARIFF,  7  CENTS  PER  POUND. 


Egyptian 
Sakellarides. 

American 
Egyptian; 

Boston, 
Pima 

No.  2. 

Difference  in  price. 

Date. 

Liver- 
pool, 
average 
fine  to 
good. 

Boston, 
fully 
good. 

Fully, 
good, 

Boston, 
over 

average 
fine  to 
good, 
Liver- 
pool. 

Pima 
No.  2, 

Boston, 
over 

average 
fine  to 
good, 
Liver- 
pool. 

FuUy 
good, 
over 

Boston, 
over 
Pima 
No.  2, 

Boston. 

1921. 
June    4                                 

80.31 
.30 
.30 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.28 
.29 
.30 
.30 
.31 
.40 
.40 
47 
.50 
.52 
.50 
.47 
.46 
.46 
.43 
.41 
.42 
.42 
.46 

.46 
.45 
.41 
.39 
.40 
.40 
.41 
.42 
.41 
.42 
.43 
.42 
.42 
.41 
.41 
.41 
.41 
.41 
.41 

$0.42 
.42 
.41 
.40 
.42 
.41 
.41 
.42 
.42 
.44 
.44 
.45 
.49 
.54 
.54 
.56 
.71 

$0.35 
.33 
.33 
.31 
.32 
.33 
.34 
.33 
.33 
.33 
.34 
.32 
.35 
.36 
.40 
.42 
.40 

$0.11 
.12 
.11 
.11 
.13 
.12 
.12 
.13 
.14 
.15 
.14 
.15 
.18 
.14 
.14 
.09 
.21 

$0.04 
.03 
.03 
.02 
.03 
.04 
.05 
.04 
.05 
.04 
.04 
.02 
.04 

-.04 
.00 

-.05 

-.10 

$0.07 

11                                       

.08 

18 

.08 

25 

.09 

July     2 

.10 

9      .          .          

.08 

16 

.07 

23 

.09 

30 

.09 

Aug     6 

.11 

13                                          

10 

20 

.13 

27 

.14 

Sept  10  

.18 

17 

14 

24 

.14 

Oct.      1 

.31 

8 

15 

.63 
.64 
.59 
.59 
.56 
.54 
.56 
.59 
.59 

.60 
.58 
.57 
.57 
.53 

.46 
.41 
.41 
.41 
.40 
.37 
.39 
.34 
.37 

.39 
.39 
.39 
.37 
.36 

.13 

.17 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.14 
.17 
.13 

.14 
.13 
.16 
.18 
.13 

-.04 
-.06 
-.05 
-.05 
-.03 
-.04 
-.03 
-.08 
-.09 

-.07 
-.06 
-.02 
-.02 
-.04 

.17 

22 

23 

29 

.  18 

Nov.    5 

18 

12 

.16 

19 

.  17 

26..   .   . 

17 

Dec.    3 

.25 

31 

.22 

1922. 

''1 

.  19 

21 

18 

20 

Feb.    4 

17 

11 

18 

.56 
.56 

.36 
.36 

.15 
.14 

-.05 
-.06 

.20 

20 

Mar.    4 

.55 
.56 

.33 
.33 
.33 
.33 
.33 
.31 
.31 
.32 
.34 

.13 
.13 

-.09 
-.10 
-.09 
-.09 
-.08 
-.10 
-.10 
-.09 
-.07 

22 

18 

23 

24 

31 

Apr.     7 

.54 
.53 
.52 
.54 
.54 
.55 

.13 
.12 
.11 
.13 
.13 
.14 

21 

^      14 

22 

21 

21 

28 

■2'> 

May     6 

■'0 

12 

59&— 22- 


94 


UEPORT   ON    Till".    K^^K!{(;KN('V    T.MUIF    .\(T, 


Taim.k  VIIh.   -Cotton — Pricrx,  lAnrpool  (iiul  liosto)i,^  spot  fjiiotdtiotisy 


Egyptian  Sokolla- 
rides. 

Amorl- 
caii- 

Dillerenco  in  price. 

SakcUa- 

Pima  No. 

tlood  fair 

Divlo. 

Uver- 
pool 
Rood 
fair. 

Boston 

Keyptian; 
Boston, 

rides, 
pood  frtir, 

3,  Boston 
over  pood 

Sakclla- 
ridps, 

(!0<)d 

I'ima 

Boston 

fair  Sa- 

Boston 

• 

fair. 

No.  3. 

over 

lccllaride.s, 

over 

Liver- 

Liver- 

Pima 

pool. 

pool. 

No.  3. 

1921. 

Jan. 

8               .. 

S0.?» 

15 

.33 
.31 
..10 
.27 
.23 
.19 
.18 
.21 
.21 

10.37 
..34 
..34 
.;« 
.28 
.24 
.27 

$0. 36 


»0.04 
.03 
.04 
.06 
.05 
.05 
.09 

to.  03 

SO.  01 

22 

29..   .                                        .            .   . 

Fph 

5 

.32 
.27 
.23 
.26 

.05 
.04 
.04 
.08 

.01 

19 

.01 

26 

.III 

Mar. 

5 

.01 

12 

19 

26 

.26 

.32 

.31 

.06 

.05 

.01 

Apr. 

2 

.26 

.32 

.31 

.06 

.05 

.01 

9 

.25 

.29 

.28 

.04 

.a3 

.01 

16 

23 

.26 

.26 

.31 

.31 

.05 

.05 

.00 

30 

7 

.26 
.26 

.30 
.32 

.04 
.06 

Mav 

.31 

.05 

.01 

14 

.  25 

.27 

.33 

.02 

.08 

-.06 

EMERGENCY  TARIFF, 

7  CENTS  PER  POUND. 

1921. 
May  28 

$0.24 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.21 
.Zi 
.23 
.22 
.23 
.32 
.32 
.39 
.42 
.44 
.41 
.38 
..37 
.36 
.33 
.31 
.36 
.32 
.36 

.36 
..34 
.30 
.27 
.27 
.27 
.30 
.31 
.31 
.32 
.31 
.31 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.31 
..31 

$0..34 
.:« 
.34 
.33 
.31 
.32 
.32 
.31 
.33 
.33 
.32 
.32 
.33 
.38 
.41 
.41 
.44 
.57 

$0.34 
..34 
.32 
.32 

$0.10 
.10 
.11 
.10 
.09 
.10 
.10 
.09 
.11 
.12 
.09 
.09 
.11 
.15 
.09 
.OC 
.05 
.15 

$0.10 
.11 
.09 
.09 

»).  00 

June    4 

-.01 

11 

.02 

18 

.01 

25 

July     2 

.31 
.33 
.34 
..33 
.33 
.33 
.34 
.32 
..35 
..34 
.37 
.39 
.37 

.09 
.11 
.12 
.11 
.12 
.10 
.11 
.10 
.  12 
.02 
.05 
.00 
-.05 

.01 

^  9..  .:.:. 

-.01 

16 

-.03 

23 

30 

Aug.     6 

13 

20 

27              

.1)0 
.00 
-.01 
-.02 
.01 
.03 

Sept.  10 

.07 

17 

.01 

24 

Oct.      1 

8      

.05 
.20 

15 

.50 
.50 
.46 
.46 
.45 
.44 
.44 
.46 
.46 

.47 
.45 
.43 
.43 
.38 

.44 
.38 
.38 
.38 
.37 
.35 
.36 
.32 
.35 

..37 
.37 
.37 
.35 
.24 

.09 
.12 
.09 
.10 
.12 
.13 
.08 
.14 
.10 

.11 
.11 
.13 
.16 
.11 

.03 

.00 
.01 
.02 
.04 
.04 
,00 
.00 
-.01 

.01 
.03 
.07 
.08 
.07 

.06 

22 

.12 

29 

.08 

Nov.    5 

12 

19 

26 

Dec.     3 

.08 
.08 
.09 
.08 
.14 

31  

.11 

1922. 
Jan.     7 

.10 

14 

.08 

21  

.06 

28 

.as 

Feb.    4 

.04 

11    ^    

18 

.43 
.43 
.42 
.43 

.34 
.34 
.31 
.31 
.31 
.31 
.31 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.32 
.32 

.13 
.12 
.11 
.11 

.04 

.03 

.00 

-.01 

.00 

.00 

.01 

-.01 

-.01 

-.01 

.01 

.01 

.09 

25 

.09 

Mar.  11 

.11 

IS 

.12 

24 

31                        .          

Anr.     7 

.42 
.41 
.40 
.42 
.43 
.43 

.12 
.11 
.10 
.12 
.12 
.12 

.11 

^  u::::::::::::::;::::. :;:::::::.:.;.; 

.12 

21 

.11 

28 

.12 

Mav     6 

.11 

^  li.:::..... : 

.11 

'  Liverpool  quotations  from  the  Manchester  Guardian.    Boston  quotation  from  Marlcet  Reporter. 
'  Liverpool  prices  converted  into  Ameru-an  money  at  the  rates  of  exchange  current  on  the  dates  of 
quotations. 


KEPOET   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


95 


Table  VIIc. — Cotton — Prices  of  Sakellarides,  Liverpool  and  Boston. 


[Egyptian:  Spot  trading  values  for  Liverpool  standards.   Converted  at  current  rates  exchange  to  American 

doUars,  value  per  pound.] 


Liverpool  quotations. 

Boston  quotations. 

Date. 

Fine. 

Good. 

Fully 
good 
fair. 

Good 
fair. 

Good  fair. 

Without 
duty. 

With 
duty. 

1921. 
Jan.     8 

$0.38 
.42 
.41 
.40 
.37 
.33 
.29 
.28 
.29 
.30 
.33 
.33 
.33 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.34 
.34 

$0.33 
.37 
.36 
.35 
.32 
.28 
.24 
.23 
.26 
.28 
.31 
.31 
.30 
.31 
.31 
.31 
.31 
.31 

$0.32 
.33 
.35 
.34 
.30 
.26 
.23 
.21 
.24 
.25 
.29 
.29 
.28 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.28 
.27 

$0.2S 
.33 
.31 
.30 
.27 
.23 
.19 
.18 
.21 
.21 
.26 
.'26 
.25 
.26 
.26 
.26 
.26 
.25 

15 

$0.36i 
.331 
.33? 
.32J 

.28J 

:i| 

22 

29 

Feb.     5 

19 

26 

Mar.     5 

12 

19 

26 

.32 
.32 

.291 

Apr.     2 



9 

le 

23 

.3ii 
.30J 
.32J 
.261 

30 

May     7 

14 : 

EMERGENCY  TARIFF,  7  CENTS  PER  POUND. 


1921 

May   28 

June    4 

11 

18 

25 

Julv     2 

9 

16 

23 

30 

Aug.     6 

13 

20 

27 

Sept.  10 

17 

24 

Oct.      1 

8 

15 

22 

29 

Nov.    5 

12 

19 

26 

Dec.     3 

31 

1922, 
Jan.     7 

14 

21 

28 

Feb      4 

11 

18 

25 

Mar.    4 

11 

18 

24 

31 

Apr.    7 

14 

21 

28 

May     6 

12 


.33 
$0.32 
.31 
.32 
.30 
.30 
.31 
.31 
.30 
.29 
.30 
.33 
.32 
.33 
.42 
.43 
.49 
.52 
.54 
.52 
.50 
.49 
.49 
.46 
.44 
.45 
.45 
.50 


.49 
.48 
.44 
.40 
.41 
.41 
.44 
.45 
.44 
.45 
.46 
.45 
.4.5 
.44 
.44 
.44 
.44 
.44 
.44 


.26J 
$0.  25i 
.26| 
.25i 
.24' 
.241 
.25i 
.24i 
.26i 
.251 
.27 
.271 
.26} 
.37i 
.34 
.331 
.  .36=. 


.43 

.42| 

.385 

.38J 

.38i 

.363 

.37* 

.38i 

.39 


.39i 
.37} 
.35? 
.351 
.328 


.36i| 
.36 
.36 
.3.5i 
.35? 


.343 
.33? 
..32} 
.35 
.351 
.36i 


$0. 33i 
.32J 
.33i 
.32J 
.31 
.311 
.32} 
.31} 
.33i 
.32J 
.32 
.325 
.33} 
■  HI 
.41 
.40i 
.43^ 
.568 


.50 

.451 

:l 

.434 
.43i 
.45} 
.46 


.46^ 
.44} 
.42J 
•  422 
■  38i 


.43J 
.43 


.413 
.40} 
..39} 
.42 
.42} 
.43J 


1K>  I'.KPOItr    ON'    THK    KMKIUJKXCY    TARIFF    ACT. 

Tho  pi-Ci'ctliiio;  prico  tables  show  tlinl  t ho  7-cont  duty  has  increased 
tlu>  price  of  8ak.  rotton  in  Boston  by  about  the  full  amount  of  the 
duty  as  compared  with  Liverpool  prices.  The  last  quotation  in  May 
shows  a  premium  of  ")  C(>nts  for  SaK.  No.  2  in  Boston  over  Liverpool, 
and  a  week  later,  after  the  tariff  went  into  effect,  the  premium  was 
11  cents — a  dilferenco.  of  G  cents.  Practically  the  same  premium 
prevails  throughout  the  shipping  season  of  1921-22. 

This  increase  in  Boston  prices  of  Sak.  over  Liverpool  by  the  amount 
of  the  duty  follows  as  a  matter  of  arithmetic  for  similar  grades  of 
cotton  when  the  market  is  free  in  both  places.  A  more  diflicult  com- 
parison, however,  and  one  more  significant,  is  the  change  in  prices,  if 
uny,  of  Pima  in  Boston  brought  about  by  the  emergency  duty.  The 
general  impression  obtained  from  column  3  of  Table  VIIa  is  that  the 

f»rice  of  Pima  has  been  fairly  constant  for  the  past  18  months  except 
or  a  rise  toward  the  end  of  1921.  On  May  7,  1921,  for  example,  the 
price  was  32  cents  per  pound,  and  on  May  6,  1922,  it  w^as  34  cents. 
Comparable  Sak.  cotton  in  Liverpool,  however,  gradually  rose  in 
price  during  that  period  from  around  32  cents  in  the  spring  of  1921  to 
about  41  cents  in  1922.  This  situation  obviously  confuses  the  w^hole 
problem  of  the  cfifect  of  the  emergency  duty.  Pima,  which  was 
meant  to  be  protected,  shows  little  or  no  permanent  increase  in  price, 
and  Sak.,  against  which  protection  w^as  sought,  Shows  a  steady 
strengthening  of  the  market. 

Column  5  of  Table  VIIa  represents  the  same  conditions  by  showing 
the  difference  in  price  between  Pima  No.  2  in  Boston  and  Sak.  in  Liver- 
pool. In  this  column,  however,  there  is  some  indication  that  the 
duty  was  effective  immediately  after  the  passage  of  the  act.  Prior  to 
June,  1921,  Pima  sold  for  1  or  2  cents  less  in  Boston  than  Sak.  in 
Liverpool,  but  from  June  to  September  Pima  was  worth  4  to  5  cents 
more  than  Sak.,  a  total  change  of  6  or  7  cents,  about  the  amount  of 
the  duty.  In  these  months,  however,  June,  July,  and  August,  the 
cotton  market  is  sluggish  and  quotations  are  largely  nominal. 

In  the  fall  of  1921  prices  of  Pima  strengthened,  running  up  as  high 
as  46  cents  in  October.  Tliis  rise,  however,  probably  was  not  due 
to  the  tariff  because  Sak.  prices  in  Liverpool  increased  more  rapidly; 
52  cents  per  pound  was  touched  in  October  8.  The  net  result  was 
that  the  new  crop  of  Pima  in  Boston  sold  for  considerably  less  than 
Sak.  in  Liverpool.  Although  Pima  was  at  a  premium  of  4  to  5  cents 
during  the  summer,  it  was  discounted  by  a  like  amount  as  com- 
pared with  Sak.  in  the  autumn  of  1921.  In  the  spring  of  1922  this 
discount  was  8  to  9  cents  per  pound  \vith  small  indication  of  a  re- 
vival. 

In  this  discussion  attention  has  been  focused  on  the  price  differ- 
ential of  only  two  comparable  grades  of  foreign  and  domestic  cotton 
in  Boston  and  Liverpool,  without  detailed  reference  to  other  columns 
in  the  tables.  Practically  the  same  condition,  how^ever,  prevailed 
for  other  grades  show-n  as  has  been  outlined  for  Pima  No.  2  as  com- 
pared with  Sak.  fair  to  good.  For  further  details  attention  is  directed 
to  column  6  of  Table  VIIa  and  columns  4,  5,  and  6  of  Table  VIIb. 

In  Table  VIIc  are  given  the  prices  of  various  grades  of  Sak.  cot- 
ton in  Liverpool  for  the  purpose  of  showing  the  price  fluctuations  in 
that  market. 


REPORT   OIT    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


97 


Table  VIII  is  a  compilation  of  prices  for  American  upland  cotton 
in  Liverpool  and  New  Orleans.  This  table  is  inserted  for  the  purpose 
of  showing  that  for  comparable  grades  of  cotton  in  Liverpool  and 
America  the  prices  in  a  free  market  run  closely  together.  There 
must  therefore  be  special  reasons  why  the  Pima  cotton  does  not 
approximate  the  price  of  Sak.  in  Liverpool  closer  than  the  price 
tables  show. 

Table  VIII. — Cotton — Spot  prices  of  American  niiddlivg,  Liverpool,  monthly  averages. 


Date. 


Liver- 
pool. 


Con- 
verted to 
Ameri- 
can 
money 
at  cur- 
rent rate 
of  ex-    I 
change. 


Spot 
cotton 
quota- 
tions. 


Middling 

New 
Orleans. 


January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

Sejitember. 

October 

November. 
December . , 


January . . 
February. 


1921. 


Cents 
per 
pound. 
46 
43 
45 
44 
43 
46 
43 
36 
34 
26 
19 
15 


Cents 

per 

pound.'^ 


Date. 


Liver- 
pool. 


1921. 

March 

April 

May 

Juiie 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1922. 

January 

February 

March 


Con- 
verted to 
Ameri- 
can 
money 
at  cur- 
rent rate 
of  ex- 
change. 


Cents 
per 
pound. 
15 
13 
13 
13 
12 
15 
23 
21 
20 

2  21 


Spot 
cotton 
quota- 
tions. 


MiddUng 

New 
0rlean.s. 


Cents 
per 
pound.^ 
11 
11 
12 
11 
11 
12 
18 
19 
17 
17 


1  Spot  quotations  New  Orleans  monthlv  average,  the  Market  Reporter. 

*  Liverpool  quotations,  January,  1920,  through  December,  1921,  from  Official  Report  of  the  World  Cotton 
Conference.  "Cotton  statistics"  by  John  A.  Todd.  Data  January  to  March,  1922,  inclusive,  the  Textile 
Mercury. 

No  attempt  will  be  made  here  to  interpret  or  explain  in  detail  the 
anomalies  presented  in  the  price  tables  given  above.  About  the 
only  thing  that  may  be  said  with  certainty  is  that  world  prices  of 
Sak.  cotton  have  gone  up  and  the  prices  of  American-Egyptian  cotton 
have  remained  fairly  constant  since  the  passage  of  the  emergency 
tariff. 

Attention  is  directed  to  some  underlying  factors,  however,  which 
may  throw  some  light  upon  the  figures.  In  the  first  place  there 
have  been  attempts  by  the  Egyptian  Government  to  support  the 
price  of  Sak.  cotton,  by  limiting  the  acreage  planted,  by  encouraguig 
marketing  syndicates,  and  by  buying  in  the  open  market  at  strategic 
times.  Usually  the  purchases  have  been  but  4,000  or  5,000  bales  at 
a  time  but  the  effect  on  the  market  has  been  more  than  proportional 
to  the  amount  of  the  purchase.^ 

Another  factor  on  the  other  side  is  the  sluggish  market  for  Pima 
in  this  country.     With  almost  a  year's  supply  on  hand,  either  at  home 


'  Of.  United  States  Commerce  Reports,  Aug.  5,  1921,  and  Daily  News  Record,  May  31,  1922. 


08 


KErORT   OX    TnE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


ov  Dii  c'i)nsiij;niuont  in  liostmi,  the  plnntcM's  of  the  Southwest  are 
fared  with  a  ilillicnilt  situation.  Added  to  this  effect  on  the  mar- 
ket, there  is  a  slow  (hMuand  for  I'inui  anu)n<:j  the  eastern  mills.  This 
reluctance  to  substitute  Anierican-K^yptian  for  Sak.  is  probably 
due  to  a  number  of  causes,  amonji;  them  beinjij  the  fact  that  many 
niills  are  not  adjusted  to  the  use  of  Pima  or  the  management  does 
not  realize  tliat  they  have  a  type  of  cotton  requiring  special  adjust- 
ments of  machinery  and  treatment  of  the  staple  in  order  to  get  satis- 
factory results.  Other  mills  perhaj)s  are  merely  reluctant  to  change 
from  the  use  of  Egyptian  cotton  for  which  tliere  is  an  estabhshed 
reputation  to  a  less  well-known  variety  of  liber. 

In  acUlition  to  these  more  or  less  temporary  handicaps  against  Pima 
many  spinners  of  line  yarn,  particularly  thread  manufacturers,  allege 
that  notwithstanding  its  extra  length  the  American  products  have 
not  the  character  or  strength  of  Sak.  and  therefore  can  not  be  substi- 
tuted in  the  manufacture  of  the  finest  counts  of  yarn.  There  seems 
also  to  be  a  differential  in  favor  of  Sak.  in  the  mercerizing  qualities  of 
the  yarn.  Many  of  these  objections  may  be  due  to  a  relative  un- 
familiarity  with  tlie  domestic  product,  but  at  any  rate  it  seems  an 
established  fact  that  manufacturers  of  fine  fabrics  -will  pay  a  premium 
of  10  to  15  cents  for  Sak.  as  compared  with  Pima.  Tire  manufac- 
turers seem  to  have  avoided  the  additional  expense  imposed  by  the 
emergency  tariff  by  using  cotton  not  affected  by  the  duty.  Medium 
staple  uppers  from  Egypt  and  American  upland  of  the  better  grades 
are  now  used  for  80  or  90  per  cent  of  tire  labrics. 

In  brief,  the  emergency  duty  has  probably  stabilized  the  Pima 
market  somewhat,  inasmuch  as  it  has  reduced  the  proportion  of  Sak. 
as  compared  with  the  imports  of  ordinary  Egyptian  cotton,  and  has 
encouraged  the  use  of  Pima  in  some  industries,  especially  in  the  pro- 
duction of  thread  and  fine  cloths;  but  because  of  the  great  surplus  of 
Pima  in  the  face  of  a  reluctant  demand  and  because  of  the  shift  of  the 
tire  manufacturers  to  medium  staple  cottons  rather  than  to  Pima,  the 
emergency  tariff  has  only  partially  relieved  the  cotton  situation  in  the 
Southwest. 

WOOL. 


Article. 


Emergency  tariff 
rate. 


Senate  bill. 


Act  of  1913. 


Wool: 

Classes  I  and  II— 
Unwashed 


15  cents  per  pound. 


Waslied 30  cents  per  pound 

Scoured '  4.5  cents  per  pound 


Manufactures  of  wool:  | 

Compensatory  duly i  4.5 cents  per  pound. 

According  to  value . .       ' 


Duty  on  grease 
basis,  calculat- 
ing 33  rents  per 
pound. 


Free. 


Tops,  36  cents  per 

pound. 
Yams,    26    to   39 

cents  per  pound. 
Cloths,    26    to    49 

cents  per  pound. 

Dress  goods 

Cotton    warp,    | 

cent  per  square 

yard. 
Wool,  11  cents  per 

square  yard. 


Act  of  1909. 


Class  1, 11  cents  per 
pound;  class  2, 
12  cents  per 
pound. 

Class  1, 22  cents  per 
pound;  class  2, 24 
cents  per  pound 

Class  I,. 33  cents  per 
pound;  class  2, 36 
cents  per  pound. 


Tops,    24^    to    44 

cents  per  pound. 
Ya.-ns,  27J  to  38i 

cents  per  pound. 
Cloths,    33    to    44 

cents  per  pound. 
Dress  goods. 
Cotton    warp,    39 

cents  per  pound. 

Wool,  40  to  49  cents 
per  pound. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TAR.IFr   ACT.  99 

SUMMARY   AND   CONCLUSION. 

When  the  emergency  tariff  act  was  passed,  in  the  spring  of  1921, 
there  were  large  stocks  of  wool  on  hand  in  the  United  States,  Ameri- 
can woolen  mills  were  operating  on  short  time  because  of  industrial 
depression  and  labor  troubles,  and  the  world,  especially  the  British 
colonies,  possessed  great  stores  of  wool  ready  to  be  marketed  at  any 
reasonable  price.  Imports  were  heavy  in  the  first  quarter  of  1921 
in  anticipation  of  the  duty;  woolgrowers  had  almost  a  full  clip  on 
hand,  produced  at  high  cost  with  almost  no  market,  and  their  credits 
were  stretched  almost  to  the  point  of  collapse.  In  short,  the  whole 
woolgrowing  industry,  including  the  financial  institutions  supporting 
it,  was  faced  with  financial  ruin.  Under  these  conditions  the  emer- 
gency tariff  act  gave  immediate  relief,  especially  to  the  strained 
credit  situation.  Bankers  were  no  longer  afraid  of  wool  paper  when 
foreign  wools  were  practically  embargoed. 

Imports  of  wool  for  consumption  almost  ceased  in  June,  1921. 
General  imports  revived  in  the  winter  and  spring  of  1922,  but  they 
went  largely  into  bonded  warehouses  in  anticipation  of  a  lower  duty 
on  wool  in  the  permanent  tariff  bill. 

Prices,  as  was  to  be  expected  in  view  of  the  great  stocks  of  wool 
on  hand,  did  not  immediately  respond  to  the  emergency  duty  but 
remained  fairly  steady  all  through  the  year  1921.  By  January,  1922, 
however,  a  decided  revival  had  set  in,  and  it  has  continued  to  the 
present  time.  Boston  prices  of  standard  grades  of  scoured  wool 
exceeded  London  prices  of  comparable  grades  by  10  to  25  cents  per 

Eound  prior  to  the  passage  of  the  emergency  act.  In  recent  months, 
owever,  the  differential  has  increased,  and  it  now  stands  from  25 
to  35  cents  per  pound.  As  stocks  of  domestic  wool  are  still  further 
depleted  a  closer  approximation  may  be  expected  of  the  premium  of 
Boston  over  London  to  the  amount  of  the  duty. 

The  compensatory  duty  of  45  cents  per  pound  on  manufactures  of 
wool  seems  to  have  restricted  the  imports  of  wool  tops  and  of  dress 
goods  to  a  considerable  extent,  but  the  imports  of  wool  yarn  and 
of  woolen  and  worsted  cloth  show  only  a  slight  decline  immediately 
after  the  passage  of  the  act.  In  all  cases  it  is  probable  that  a  large 
part  of  the  decline  in  imports  during  the  summer  of  1921  was  due 
to  the  fact  that  imports  were  heavy  immediately  preceding  the  enact- 
ment of  the  law. 

PRODUCTION  AND  CONSUMPTION. 

In  recent  years,  owing  to  unusual  war-time  needs,  the  United  States 
has  consumed  from  600,000,000  to  800,000,000  pounds  of  wool  an- 
nually. Of  this  amount  about  300,000,000  pounds  were  produced 
in  the  United  States  and  400,000,000  pounds  imported.  For  a 
series  of  years  before  the  war,  out  of  a  total  consumption  of  about 
525,000,000  pounds  per  year,  300,000,000  were  grown  in  the  United 
States.  The  details  of  our  annual  production,  consumption,  and 
importation  of  all  wool  for  many  years  past  are  shown  in  Tabic  I. 


100 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY    TARIFF   ACT. 
Table  I. — Wool — Summari)  table.' 


Years  ondeil  June  30— 

Production. 

Pounds. 
35,802,114 
.52,  .516, 959 
(W, 264, 913 
142,  8.88.  889 
186.275.000 
280, 700. 000 
297,991,676 
271,83.5,319 
298.712.966 
298, 915. 130 
298,294,750 
311, 138.  .321 
328,110,749 
321.362,750 
318,547,900 
304, 013, 400 
296,175,300 
290,192,000 
285,726,000 
288,490,000 
281,892,000 
298,870,000 
313,638,000 
308, 507, 000 
273,064,000 

lia|i<>rl>. 

Pound*. 

9, 898, 740 
18,695,294 
26,282,955 
.53, 138, 12G 
6S.  930, 280 
93, 194, 903 
142.318,925 
1S9. 444,673 
174.03.5.309 
201,688,668 
203. 847, 545 
12.5, 980,  .524 
266,409,304 
203,928,232 
137,fri7,641- 
193,400.713 
195. 293. 2.55 
247, 64,S,  869 
308,083,429 
.534, 828, 022 
372,372,218 
379. 129, 934 
422,414.983 
427, 578, 038 
318, 137,  858 

Total  con- 
sumption. 

Per  cent 
of  foreign 
wool  con- 
sumed. 

IS40 

Pound*. 
45,615,328 
71,176,3.55 
85, 334, 876 
194,600,624 
250, 214, 361 
369, 485,  .532 
435, 596, 522 
4.52.020,701 
469, 493. 460 
494,900,939 
498,695,547 
431, 252. 030 
590,996,078 
581,235,509 
447,989,842 
495,724,243 
486,265,680 
536,300,686 
578,391,195 
817,095,537 
650,285,494 
675,959,925 
734,901,948 
715,821,028 
580,361,775 

21.5 

1850 

26.3 

1860 

30.6 

18B2-1S70 

26.8 

1871-1880 

25.6 

1881-1S90 

1891-1895 

•24.1 
31  84 

1896-1900 

40.58 

1901-1905 

36.4 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 » 

39.6 
40.0 
27.9 
«.5 
44.7 
•28.9 
3S.7 
39.3 
46.0 
.52. 0 
6.5.2 
57.0 
.55.9 
57.4 
57.9 
53.9 

I  statistical  Abstract,  1920,  p.  556. 

'  Production,  Department  of  Agriculture;  trade,  Department  of  Commerce,  Monthly  Summary. 

Domestic  production  of  wool  has  not  substantially  increased  in  40 
years.  The  annual  average  in  the  decade  of  1881-1890  was  about 
280,000,000  pounds  as  compared  with  about  273,000,000  pounds  for 
the  year  1921.  Since  1884  annual  production  has  rarely  varied  much 
from  300,000,000  pounds.  Apparently  the  peak  of  our  production 
was  reached  about  12  years  ago — nearly  330,000,000  pounds  was 
produced  in  1909.  On  the  other  hand  our  imports  have  gradually 
mcreased.  Twenty  years  ago  we  were  importing  about  175,000,000 
pounds  as  comparecl  with  nearly  200,000,000  pounds  from  1908  to 
1913,  inclusive,  and  an  average  of  375,000,000  pounds  from  1914  to 
1921,  inclusive.  Expressed  in  terms  of  percentages,  imports  20  years 
ago  were  36  per  cent  of  consumption,  whereas  during  the  great  de- 
mand of  the  war  and  postwar  years  the}'  have  averaged  56  per  cent 
of  consumption. 

Tables  IIa  and  IIb  show  the  imports  of  Classes  I,  II,  and  III  wool 
in  the  United  States  from  the  various  countries  of  the  world.  Argen- 
tina and  Australasia  are  the  chief  sources  of  imports.  England  ex- 
ports considerable  wool  to  this  country,  but  it  is  largely  reexports  of 
colonial  products. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


101 


<» 

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102 


KKrour  ON    I'liK  i;.\ii'.K(;i:\("v    lAitii-i''  act. 


In  TnMi's  111a,  111»,  niul  Uh'  aro  shown  Iho  imports  of  llio  vaii- 
lUis  classes  of  wool  by  months  sinco  flannarv,  1020.  The  montlily 
imports  for  li)ll  are  also  includeii  for  comparative  purposes.  The 
outstandini;  feature  of  Tables  111a  and  IIIh  is  the  fact  that  the 
cmeri^encv  tariff  almost  shut  olf  the  imports  of  wt)ol  of  Classes  I  and 
II.  Fn>m  an  importation  of  over  SO. ()(}(), 000  pounds  in  March,  1921, 
receipts  fell  olf  to  less  than  900.000  in  -lune.  Imports  of  Class  II  wool 
fell  from  nearly  1,000,000  pounds  in  March,  1921.  to  20.000  pounds  in 
.lune.  It  will  he  observed  that  there  has  been  a  revival  of  imports 
for  the  three  months  of  1922  for  both  kinds  of  wool.  Class  I  runs 
from  4.000.000  to  7.000.000  pounds  per  month,  and  Class  II  showed 
\mports  for  March.  1922,  of  over  17,000,000  pounds.  These  heavy 
imports  are  not  as  immediately  si^nilicant  as  they  may  appear, 
however,  because,  as  is  shown  in  a  later  table,  practically  all  of  the 
imports  of  dutiable  wool  are  ji;oin^  into  bonded  warehouses  rather 
than  into  consumption,  doubtless  on  account  of  some  uncertainty  as 
to  the  pendino;  tariff  legislation. 

Table  Illc,  in  which  are  showm  the  imports  of  Class  III  wool,  is  sig- 
nificant in  that  imports  have  been  especially  heavy  in  this  grade  of 
wool  in  recent  months.  It  can  not  be  assumed,  however,  that  these 
heavy  imports  are  due  solely  to  a  substitution  of  Class  III  wool, 
which  is  Tree,  for  wools  in  Classes  I  and  II,  which  are  dutiable. 
Perhaps  some  substitution  is  taking  place,  but  many  of  the  imports 
probably  are  in  anticipation  of  duty  on  this  class  of  wool. 

Table  IIIa. — Wool,  Class  I — General  imports  by  months. 


Month. 


January... 
February. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October. . . 
November. 
December. 


1914 


Pounds. 

14,217,699 

18,404,021 

21, 872, 566 

26,925,2.30 

16,580,562 

14,031,885 

10,134,506 

9,051,093 

6, 832, 421 

5,499,785 

2,113,276 

652, 034 


1920 


Pounds. 
35, 503, 138 
20,900,406 
26,377,249 
48,621,087 

9,762,257 
16,073,230 

7,325,635 
11,063,635 
10, 155, 913 

5,864,358 
10,025,369 
10,750,166 


1921 


Pounds. 

15,993,109 

36, 209, 858 

80, 794, 265 

52,074,805 

s 10, 123, 845 

2  868,215 

656,111 

3, 947,  .376 

293, 857 

585,369 

12,727,225 

13,592.480 


1922 


'  Recent  imports  are  stored  largely  in  customs  bonded  warehouses. 
»  The  emergency  tariff  act  became  elTective  May  28,  1921. 

Table  IIIb. — Wool,  Class  II — General  imports  by  months. 


Month. 


Jaiiiiary 

February 

March ..'. 

April !    1,673,' 

May \    2,137,436 


Pounds. 

2,047,118 

2,7.33,720 

2,506,018 


June. 

July 

August 

September . 

October 

November . 
December.. 


2,007,768 
3,546,082 
2,739,887 
2,263,784 
2,043,694 
805.984 
1,955; 252 


Pounds. 
159,917 
524,904 

1,052,984 
854,219 
875,771 
264,286 
250,804 
891,495 
5.52,138 
117,. 501 
234, 140 
864,264 


1921 


Pounds. 
1,858,574 
1,387,360 
3,862,496 
2,637,019 
2  245,804 
2  28,365 
80,008 


24,114 


373,737 
273,754 


1922 


Pounds. 

83,886 
1  6,981,887 
1  17,695,447 


'  Recent  imports  are  stored  lartjely  in  customs  bonded  warehouses, 
t  The  emergency  tariff  became  effective  May  28, 1921. 


REPORT    OX    THE    EMERGENCY    TARIFF    ACT.  103 

Table  IIIc. — Wool,  Class  III — Generalimports  by  months. 


Month. 


1921 


1922 


Pounds. 

January 7,  S4fi,  187  ! 

February 9, 643, 028 

March 12,063,190  | 

April 10,382,074 

May I  11,378,152  j 

June 8, 221 ,  888 

July fi,  1.50, 565  i 

August 4, 777, 041 

September ;    4, 705, 674  ' 

October '  3,942,256  1 

November i  2, 541, 724 

December 310,185 


Pounds. 
5,576,332 
3, 877, 276 
4, 945,  .531 
3,774,654 
2, 363, 066 
4,248,677 
1, 450, 042 
2,411,412 
885,964 
2,651,788 
1,937,466 
1,747,399 


Pounds.        Pounds. 

3,2'}6,306  !     14,452,297 

5,135,156  I  15,856,705 
11,775,761  I  21,625,446 
10,308,086       13,324,161 

1  4,165,820    

J4,642,305    

8, 660, 745    

11,844,309  I 

14,135,380  I 

7,893,690  ; 

7,492,294    

8,580,644    


Free  under  emergency  tariff  act  of  May  28, 1921. 


The  foregoing  tables  have  shown  the  general  imports  of  wool 
rather  than  the  imports  of  wool  for  consumption.  As  a  matter  of 
fact  little  wool  is  being  imported  for  consumption,  as  is  shown  in 
Table  IV  below. 

Table  IV. —  Wool — Imports  for  consumption  and  stocks  in  bonded  icarehouse. 


Class  1. 

Class  II. 

Class  III. 

Quarter  and  year. 

Oencral 
imports. 

Imports 
for  con- 
sump- 
tion. 

Stocks  in 
bonded 
ware- 
house 
eud  of 
quarter. 

C,  eneral 
imports. 

Imports  Stocks  hi 

for  con-     bonded 

sump-  1     ware- 

tion.        liouse. 

C!  eneral 
imports. 

Imports 

for  con- 

sumT>- 

tion. 

1921. 

Kir^t  quarter 

^^econd  quarter 

Third  quarter 

Fourth  quarter 

1922. 
l-'irst  quarter 

Pounds. 
132,997,332 

63.066. S65 
4.897,344 

r,,90.-i,074 

15,9.58,827 

Povnis. 

132.997,332 

62, 2.50,  S4S 

80.114 

330,399 

3,020,610 

Pounds. 

'"ihi'.ioi 

5,192,963 
11.370,679 

23,778,989 

Pounds. 

7.10.S,4:-!O 

2.977.778 

104.122 

647,491 

21,761,220 

Pound.i.    Pounds. 

6,738,309 

2,.><n2,S07        20,  lu: 
.52  374         71,866 
1H,15SI      701,199 

489,736  24.978,180 

Pounds. 
20,177,22;j 
19,116,211 
34,640,4,34 
23,966,628 

51,934,448 

Pound.i. 
20.177,22;i 
19,116,211 
34.769.205 
2;{.  966,628 

51,901,924 

In  the  first  and  second  quarters  of  1921,  imports  were  not  only 
heavy  but  all  of  them  were  entered  for  consumption.  In  the  second 
and  third  quarters,  however,  of  last  year  and  the  first  quarter  of  this 
year  almost  all  of  the  imports  went  into  bonded  warehouses.  At  the 
end  of  March,  1922,  nearly  50,000,000  pounds  of  Classes  I  and  II 
wool  were  in  Government  warehouses  as  compared  with  no  ware- 
housing at  the  end  of  the  first  quarter  of  1921.  This  storage  in 
bond  is  to  be  expected,  however,  in  view  of  the  anticipation  of  some- 
what lower  rates  on  wool  in  the  pending  tarift'  bill  as  compared  with 
the  emergency  law.  Class  III  wool,  on  the  otlier  hand,  shows  no 
storage  in  warehouses  but  a  continued  increase,  quarter  by  quarter, 
of  imports  for  consumption  since  the  beginning  of  1921.  The  first 
quarter  of  that  year,  for  example,  shows  imports  of  20,000,000 
pounds  as  against  about  52,000,000  pounds  in  the  first  quarter  of  1922. 

The  stocks  of  wool  in  bonded  warehouses  are  not  excessively  large, 
however,  as  compared  with  the  normal  st6cks  in  the  hands  of  dealers 
and  manufacturers  or  when  compared  with  the  monthly  consump- 
tion of  wool  by  the  mills  of  the  United  States. 


104  HKroin*  ox    riiK  kmkiuskxc^y  tariff  a(^t. 

'Pahi.k  V. —  Wool — Slocks  on  /ki/u/.' 


I)alo. 


Sept.  30,  liW).... 

Dw.ai,  1921 

Mar.  ;U.  1921.... 
Juiicsn,  IWl.... 
Sept.3i>,  \V2\ 


Total  wool- 

<!ran>l  total. 

groase 

oquivalent. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

651,:U6,2S7 

.1.80, 7:)3, 743 

.TO,  181,(X)0 

•191,397,000 

rieT.ou.ooo 

■187, 106, 000 

.117,827,000 

413,  as7, 000 

589,713,000 

.114,791,000 

Tops. 


Pounds. 

42, 805, 488 

00,934,000 

.13,890,000 

.10,2(in.000 

51,378,000 


Noils 


Pottnd.s-. 


27, 757, 0.K. 
.30,S.10,00<i 
20,012.00(1 
24,  t>(l,  (Hill 
20,511,0011 


>  Quarterly  bulletin  of  National  Wool  Manufacturers' Association,  from  statistics  compiled  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture.    Includes  stocks  of  dealers  and  manufacturers  and  Government  wool. 

Kecont  figures  for  wool  stocks  on  hand  are  not  available,  nor  is  it 
possible  to  make  estimates.  The  figure  of  about  590,000,000  pounds 
for  September  30,  1921,  is  somewiiat  above  normal  and  undoubtedly 
exceeds  the  present  stocks,  but  by  how  much  it  is  impossible  to  state 
at  this  time.  It  is  generally  known  to  the  trade,  how^ever,  that  all 
dealers'  and  manufacturers'  stocks  are  low,  especially  the  fine  wools, 
and  that  the  Government  has  entirely  disposed  of  its  surplus. 

In  the  face  of  a  declining  supply  American  mill  consumption  is 
constantly  increasing,  as  is  indicated  by  Table  Va,  following. 

T.\BLE  Va. — Wool — Consumption,  bij  months.^ 
[Grease  pound  equivalent.! 


Date. 


September . 

October 

November. 
December. . 


1921. 


January.. 
February . 

March 

April 

May 


rounds. 


36,297,220 
38,443,687 
28,096,047 
24,292,000 


29,807,000 
36,204,(X)0 
47,181,000 
53,071,000 
56,929,000 


Date. 


Poimds. 


June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November , 
December. . 


January... 
February . 


591,000 
176,000 
260,000 
130,000 
287,000 
326,000 
459,000 


417,000 
487,000 


1  Statistics  co'npiled  by  t!ic  Department  of  .\sriculture. 


The  foregoing  statistics  have  been  concerned  with  the  trade  in 
raw  wool  onl}".  In  the  following  tables  are  presented  some  data 
shomng  the  effect  of  the  emergency  duty  on  the  manufactures  of 
wool. 

Table  VI. —  Wool,  tops  and  yarns — Imports  by  months.^ 


Date. 


Tops. 


Yams. 


1920. 


Januarj-. . . 
February. , 

March 

AprU 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October. ... 
November. 
December . 


Pounds. 
17,  OM 

119,052 
31,041 

122,771 
71,713 
73,322 
22, 125 
26,751 
:«),272 

115,  .556 

.104,990 
40,4.56 


1921. 


January ,       .171,580 

February 2,825,786 


Pounds. 
120,7.57 
183,494 
329,330 
3.39.961 
374.045 
342,912 
402, 319 
393,782 
312,613 
349,360 
292, 1.10 
229,651 


126,6.58 
388,379 


Date. 


!  March 

i  April 

May 

I  June 

;  July 

■■  August 

I  September. 

October. . . 

November. 
!  December . , 


January. 
February. 

March 

April 


1922. 


13').  737 
l-i2,27b 
312.  .Vil 
276,622 


'  .Monthly  summary.  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Department  of  Commerce. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARTEE   ACT. 


105 


Table  VII. — Manufactures  of  wool — Imports  by  montlis.^ 


i 

Date. 

Woolen  and  worsted 
cloths. 

Dress  goods. 

PO""^-         'yS' 

Poimds. 

Square 
yards. 

1920. 

J  anuary 

February         

437,899          667,461 
.550,303           897,453 
816,477       1.255.565 

98,571 
151,920 
147,471 
144,  .822 
15.3, 893 
132, 185 
250,533 
173,087 
159, 715 
149,480 
92,983 
72,493 

124, 781 
131,812 
108,007 
151, 600 
150,810 
82,211 
26, 674 
58,551 
45, 162 
74, 524 
58,532 
57, 392 

49, 572 

I          60, 759 

62, 131 

47,790 

363,893 
426,934 

457,429 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

615,003 
600,516 
53.3,367 
569.397 
429,257 
318, 599 
376,967 
309,773 
135,899 

170,044 
305,047 
547, 162 
1,106,982 
674, 233 
481,  227 
456,  S66 
394,  028 
461,978 
467, 157 
399, 488 
478,  .554 

438,  .342 
523, 386 
672,931 
479, 008 

934,226 
974,873 
862, 242 
8;38, 932 
670,512 
457, 830 
555,067 
45:3,652 
227,332 

274,686 
459,529 
837,373 
1,494,980 
958, 487 
662, 0.^ 
621, 298 
576, 521 
724,  862 
76,i,  524 
677, 105 
894,  570 

730, 455 

881, 198 

1, 023, 053 

658,315 

470, 450 
488, 343 
410,297 
770, 514 
604,994 
515, 095 
475, 018 

327, 568 

267, 120 

1921. 

January 

February 

405,270 
396,298 
410,755 

April 

.199,047 
433, 322 
302,  .552 

Julv 

98,418 

191,852 

173,023 

262, 035 

224,869 

264,963 

1922. 

178, 732 

218, 319 

238,943 

April     

184,924 

I  Monthly  Summary,  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Department  of  Commerce. 

From  Tables  VI  and  VII  it  is  seen  that  the  importations  of  wool 
tops  and  of  dress  goods  fell  off  sharply  in  June,  1921,  the  fu'st  month 
after  the  enactment  of  the  emergency  law,  whereas  the  imports  of 
wool  yarn  and  woolen  and  worsted  cloth  were  little  affected  by  the 
duty.  It  is  true  there  was  a  decline  in  the  imports  of  yarn  and  cloth 
in  the  summer  of  1921  as  compared  with  the  hi^h  figures  in  April  of 
that  year,  but  April  imports  were  abnormally  high,  probably  in  an- 
ticipation of  the  emergency  duty.  As  a.  rule  the  monthly  imports  of 
these  products  in  1921  w^ere  above  those  for  the  same  period  in  1920. 

It  is  probable  that  the  precipitous  fall  in  the  imports  of  wool  tops 
after  the  enactment  of  the  duty  was  also  due  largely  to  the  abnormal 
imports  in  the  months  immediately  preceding  the  passage  of  the  bill. 

Inasmuch  as  the  duty  on  manufactures  of  wool  is  a  compensatory 
duty,  i.  e.,  it  is  intended  to  offset  the  duty  upon  imported  raw  ma- 
terial, the  question  may  be  raised  as  to  how  the  duty  can  have  any 
effect  on  wool  manufactures. 

Temporarily  at  least  there  are  a  number  of  reasons  why  imports 
would  be  affected  by  the  duty.  In  the  fu-st  place,  when  importers 
are  certain  of  a  high  duty  upon  imported  products  tliey  stock  heavily 
prior  to  the  enactment  of  the  law  and  import  relatively  little  for  some 
weeks  or  months  afterwards.  In  the  second  place  the  higher  price 
of  imports  caused  bv  the  duty  may  restrict  consumption  to  some 
extent.  In  the  third  place,  domestic  wool  manufacturers  were  tem- 
porarily protected  by  the  compensatory  duties  because  of  the  surplus 
of  wools  in  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  act. 
So  long  as  they  could  buy  domestic  wools  for  less  than  the  London 


106 


iiKi'oiir  ON    rnK  k.\ii:iu;kn"('V    iakhf  .\('T, 


prifo  of  .^^iinihir  wot^ls,   |)lus   tlu>  duty,   thov   woiv  protected   by  the 
eoinpeiisutorv  riites  on  wool  ful>ries. 

To  wluit  extent  Bo.ston  prices  have  actually  risen  »)\  er  London 
prices  since  the  imposition  of  the  duty  is  shown  in  the  followinj; 
price  tahles  for  coinpurjitivc  o;ra(h's  of  wool  in  the  two  markets. 

'i'.MU.io  \'  1 1  r. —  Wool — /'rice  jwr  poimd,  scoured  bcms. 


Boston. 

London. 

I)i\t0. 

Fine 
territory 
staple. 

70's,siipor- 
fleeces; 

60/64's,  Rood 
medium 
fleeces.' 

Excess  of 

Hoston 

over 

London. 

1914. 
Jiilv 

$0.6300 

.82.50 
.9000 
.9000 
.  8750 
.  8750 
.  8250 
.  82" 0 
.  8250 
.  8250 
.8250 
.8450 
.8650 

.9750 
1.0650 
1. 1250 
1.0750 
1.2000 
1.2550 

$0. 6463 

.8126 
.7878 
.  6593 
.  5392 
.  5991 
.  6330 
.5137 
.  6395 
.  7465 
.7784 
.6862 
.7127 

.8424 
.8412 
.8943 
.  8923 
.9687 
.9824 

$0,016'. 

1921. 
Jan  15.    .                           

.0124 

Jan. 27       

.1122 

.\{ar.5 

.2407 

\])r.  15 

.  .3358 

\lav  15  .  .             

.  2759 

June  15 

.1920 

July  30      

.3113 

.1855 

Oct .  15       

.0785 

Oct  30                           

.0466 

Nov  .25 — 

.1588 

Dec  .8 

.  1523 

1922. 
Jan  .12 

.1326 

Feb. 2    

.22:58 

Mar  .10 

.2307 

.\I  a  r .  30 

.1827 

Mav  8                           

.  2313 

M  ay  19 

.2726 

'  Current  exchange. 

Boston  prices,  Commercial  Bulletin;  London  prices,  Wool  Record  and  Textile  AVorld,  colonial  wool 
sales. 

Table  VII I  a. —  Wool — Price  per  pound,  scoured  basis. 


July. 


Jan. 15. . 
Jan.  27.. 
.Mar.  5.. 
.\pr.  15. 
May  15. 
June  15. 
July  30.. 
Sep"t.  15. 
Oct.  15.. 
Oct.  30.. 
Nov.  25. 
Dec.  8.. 


Jan.  12. 
Feb.  2.. 
Mar.  10. 
.Mar.  30. 
May  8.. 
May  19. 


Date. 


1914. 


1922. 


Boston. 


London. 


E.xcess  of 

Territory 

58/60's, 

Boston 

one-half 

good 

over 

blood 

medium 

London 

combing. 

fleece.i 

$0.5900 

$0. 5879 

$0.0021 

.7000 

.  5598 

.1402 

.7750 

.5656 

.2094 

.7750 

.4884 

.2866 

.72.50 

.4738 

.2512 

.77.50 

.4992 

.2758 

.7100 

.4.590 

.2510 

.7000 

.4020 

.  29.S0 

.7000 

.4932 

.  2088 

.7000 

.551H 

.1482 

.7000 

.5900 

.1100 

.72.50 

.  5160 

.2090 

.7650 

.5294 

.2356 

.87.50 

.  6351 

.2399 

.9900 

.  6622 

.3278 

1. 0000 

.6719 

.3281 

.9750 

.6920 

.2830 

1.0250 

.7417 

.2833 

1.1000 

.7417 

.3583 

*  Current  exchange. 

Boston  prices,  Commercial  Bulletin;  London  prices,  Wool  Record  and  Textile  World,  colonial  wool 
sales. 


REPORT   OX    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 
Table  VIIIb. —  Wool — Pnce  per  pound,  scoured  basis. 


107 


Date. 


1914. 
July 

1921. 

Jan.  15 

Jan.  27 , 

Mar.  5 

Apr. 15 

May  15 

June  15 

July  30 

Sept .15 

Oct. 15 

Oct.  30 

Nov. 25 

Dec. 8 

1922. 

Jan  12 , 

Feb. 2 

Mar.  10 

Mar.  30 

Mays 

May  19 


Boston. 


Territory, 
one-fourth 

blood 
combing. 


$0. 4550 


.3750 
.4250 
.4650 
.  4<50 
.4350 
.4000 
.3900 
.3750 
.4000 
.4000 
.4550 
.4650 


.5400 
.6400 
.6750 
.6350 
.6700 
.6900 


London. 


46/50's, 

crossbred 

fleece.' 


Excess 

of 
Boston 

over 
London. 


$0.3649 


0.0901 


.3265 

.0485 

.3230 

.1020 

.2280 

.  2,^70 

.2124 

.2226 

.2500 

.1850 

.2216 

.1784 

.1787 

.2113 

.2158 

.1592 

.2435 

.1565 

.2459 

.1541 

.2330 

.2220 

.2561 

.2089 

.3000 

.2400 

.2864 

.3536 

.3087 

.3663 

.3096 

.3254 

.3524 

.3176 

.3337 

.3563 

1  Current  exchange. 

Boston  prices,  Commercial  Bulletin;  London  prices.  Wool  Record  and  Textile  World,  colonial  wool  sales. 

Table  VIIIc. —  Wool — Price  per  pound,  scoured  basis. 


Boston. 

London. 

Date. 

Territory, 
three- 
eighths 
blood 
combing. 

50/56's,  fine 

cross-bred 

fleece.i 

Excess  of 
Boston 

over 
Loudon. 

1914. 
July 

JO.  5250 

.5250 
.5450 
.5550 
.5400 
.5100 
.  ,5000 
.5100 
.  5250 
.5250 
.  52.50 
.5500 
..5600 

.62;50 
.7250 
.  77.50 
.7,500 
.7700 
.8150 

$0. 4763 

.38S8 
.3878 
.2767 
.  2151 
.2996 
.  2690 
.  2233 
.3083 
.3570 
.3606 
.  3328 
.3115 

.3881 
.3938 
.3995 
.4370 
.5006 
.4820 

$0.0487 

1921. 

.  1362 

Jan. 27 

.  1572 

Mar.  5 

.  2783 

.2949 

May  15 

.2404 

.2:110 

July  30 

.  2867 

Sept.  15 

.2167 

Oct.  15..    .                                                                   

.1680 

Oct. 30 .          ...          

.1644 

Nov.  25 

.  2172 

Dec.  8 . .                              .          .                  

.2185 

1922. 
Ian.  12 

.2369 

Feb.  2 

.3312 

Mar.  10 

.37.55 

Mar.  ,30.                                                              

.3130 

May8 

.  2694 

May  19...                                                     

.  3330 

I  Current  exchange. 

Boston  prices,  Commercial  Bulletin;  London  prices,  Wool  Record  and  Textile  World,  colonial  wool  sales. 


108 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY    TARIIF   ACT, 


From  tho  four  sets  of  wool  prices  given  in  these,  tubles  it  npi)ears 
that   Boston  prieos  are  from  25  to  3")  cents  per  poimd  hi";her  than 


L«>iuK)i\  prices  in  the  early  part  of  1922.     Tliis  dillerential  is  to  be 


l1oi\  prices  m  tii 
pared  with   the 


compared  wuh   me   j>reinmin   of   10   to  25  ('(Mils  in    Boston  for  the 
snnnner  and  fall  of  1921. 

In  the  early  j)nrt  of  1921  ix-fore  the  enact menl  of  the  emergency 
law,  Boston  prices  were  likewise  at  a  jiremium  of  25  or  30  cents  per 
pounil  over  London.  This  is  j)rol)al)lv  due  to  the  disorganization  of 
the  wool  market  throughout  the  world.  Heavy  stocks  were  on  hand 
especially  in  Australia  and  New  Zealand  and  sale  to  the  consumers 
was  slow.  The  American  market  was  disturbed  all  through  the  sum- 
mer and  fall  of  1921,  and  it  was  only  toward  the  close  of  1921  that 
the  emergency  duty  began  to  be  reflected  in  the  Boston  market.  As 
stocks  of  domestic  wool  are  still  further  depleted,  a  closer  approxima- 
tion of  the  premium  of  Boston  over  London  to  the  rate  of  duty  may 
be  expected.  One  factor  which  renders  the  price  situation  somewhat 
uncertain  is  the  proposed  rate  of  duty  in  the  permanent  tariff  bill  now 
pending.  It  is  believed  by  the  trade  that  there  will  be  a  reduction 
in  the  scoured  duty  below  the  present  emergency  rate  of  45  cents  per 
pound. 

SUGAR   AND   MOLASSES. 


Article. 


Sugar: 

Full   duty   on   96° 

sugar. 
Culmn  duty  on  90° 

sugar. 
Molasses: 

Testing  not  above 

40°. 
Testing  above  40° 

and  not  above  56° 
Testing  above  56°.. 
Testing  not  ab.ove 

4S  [ler  cent  total 

sugars. 
Testing    above    48 

per    cent     total 

sugars. 


Emergency  tariff 
rate. 


2  cents  per  pound. . 
1 .6  cents  per  pound 


24  per  cent 

3J  cents  per  gallon. 
7  cents  per  gallon.. 


Senate  bill. 


2  cents  per  pound.. 
1 .6  cents  per  pound 


0.25  of  1  cent  per 
gallon. 

0.275  of  1  cent  ad- 
ditional for  each 
per  cent  of  total 
sugars. 


Act  of  1913. 


1.256     cents     per 

pound. 
1 .005     cents     per 

pound. 

15  per  cent 

21  cents  per  gallon 
4*  cents  per  gallon 


1.685    cents    per 

pound. 
1 .348    cents    per 

pound. 

20  per  cent. 

3  cents  per  gallon. 

6  cents  per  gaUon. 


In  the  following  table  is  shown,  for  the  years  1914-1921,  the  pro- 
duction, consumption,  imports,  and  exports  of  sugar,  together  with  the 
proportion  which  the  dutiable  imports  bear  to  the  total  consumption. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


109 


Table  I. — Sugar — Summary  table. 
[000  omitted.] 


Year. 


1910-1914  (average) 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 , 

1921 , 


Total  Ameri- 
can consump- 
tion (reflned). 


Pounds. 

7,897,306 
8,626,973 
7,960,362 
8,467,488 
8,086,229 
8,773,463 
9,733,449 
<  9,200,414 


Total  Ameri- 
can produc- 
tion, beet  and 
cane  (raw,i 
including 
Hawaii  and 
Porto  Rico, 
but  excluding 
Philippine 
Islands). 


Total  imports. 


Dutiable 

(beet  and 

cane). 


Pounds. 

3,617,574 

3,807,133 

4,012,603 

4, 40!,  096 

3,752,035 

< 3, 815, 616 

< 4, 652, 213 

M,  572, 541 


Pounds. 
4,156,041 
5,092,665 
5,414,083 
5,061,724 
4,700,755 
6,823,372 
7,747,265 
5,625,119 


From 
PhiUp- 

pine 
Islands 

(free) 
(cane). 


Pounds. 
2 '2, 340 

326,842 
217,190 
267, 891 
197,-522 
196,319 
318,156 
342,380 


Total  all 
exports 

(re- 
fined).' 


Pounds. 

90,336 

581,710 

1,66.5,895 

1,2.54,619 

587,572 

1,480,122 

963,7:i5 

1,102,279 


Ratio  of 
dutiable 
imports 
to  con- 
sump- 
tion.3 


Per  cent. 
50 
56 
65 
57 
55 
74 
76 
58 


1  Raws  yield  approximately  95  per  cent  refined  sugar. 

-  Practically  all  of  these  exports  are  of  foreign  origin  reflned  in  this  country  and  reexported. 

3  Imports  are  taken  as  96°  sugar  for  this  computation. 

*  Willett  &  Gray,  Sugar  Crops  of  the  World,  Jan.  12, 1922,  p.  17. 

Sources:  Except  as  otherwise  noted,  columns  2  and  3  from  Statistical  Abstract,  United  States,  1920,  pp. 
552-553;  columns  4,  5,  and  6  from  Commerce  and  Navigation. 

It  will  be  seen  that,  roughly  speaking,  somewhat  more  than  half 
of  the  total  amount  consumed  is  of  foreign  importation  and  the 
remainder  of  domestic  production,  including  in  domestic  production 
beet  and  cane  sugar  produced  in  the  continental  United  States,  and 
in  Hawaii,  Porto  Rico,  and  the  Philippine  and  Virgin  Islands. 

The  figures  in  the  above  table  do  not  exactly  check;  i.  e.,  it  will 
be  found  that  the  sum  of  the  domestic  production  and  import  less 
the  exports  gives  a  result  differing  somewhat  from  the  total  con- 
sumption. The  reason  for  this  is  that  the  figures  in  the  several 
columns  do  not  all  refer  to  the  same  grade  of  sugar.  Consumption 
is  reduced  to  a  refined  basis  and  all  of  the  exported  sugar  is  refined. 
Of  the  domestic  production  all  of  the  beet  sugar  and  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  Louisiana  sugar  are  either  refined  or,  at  least,  in  the  case 
of  Louisiana,  advanced  to  a  stage  suitable  for  final  consumption. 
The  remainder  is  raw  sugar,  testing  about  96°  by  the  polariscope. 
Virtually  all  of  the  imported  sugar  is  raw  sugar. 

The  United  States  annually  consumes  from  one-fifth  to  one-fourth 
of  the  entire  world  output  of  sugar.  The  per  capita  consumption 
has  steadily  increased  from  about  27  pounds  at  the  close  of  the  Civil 
War  to  nearly  90  pounds  at  the  present  time.  The  chief  sources  of 
the  domestic  supply  are  shown  in  Table  II. 

598—22 8 


IIG 


IJETOnT    ox    TIIK    KMKUCK.NCY    TAlllFF    ACT. 


Taui.k  TI. — Sugar — Domrstir  i>ro(hic.tion. 
[000  omitted.) 


Year. 


Total. 


1910-1914  (aver-     Pounds. 

ago) '  3.849,914 

191.1 4.i:«,97t) 

J9It; 4,22;),7i»4 

1917 4,(>70,<),>vS 

191S 3,JM.5,t).W 

1919 !  4,213,527 

1920 1  3,634,047 

1921  » 5,190,781 


Boot. 


Pounds. 
1,219,239 
1,444,1(18 

1 ,  74S,  ^■^^) 
i,t>4i,:n4 

1,.S30,4I4 
1,521,900 
1,452,902 

2,  OK),  000 


Pound*. 

2,(«n,C.75 
2,  t'lH'l,  Sii7 
2,4S1,.W4 
:{,()2<l,ti74 
2,414,(114 
2,(i!ll,(i27 
2,181,145 
3,174,781 


Ilawnii. 


Pounds. 

>  1 ,  201^  S.")!'. 

i,i.si;,;v,5 

1,2S!1,  142 
l,l;Vi,(i7S 
1.  207,1 1'.5 
1,111,450 
1,138,798 
1,075,200 


Porto 
Ulco. 


Virgin 
Islands. 


Pounds. 

1  73S,  122 
m\,  190 

1,(KW,790 
'.»27,2r.(i 
812,2')4 
971,7(iS 
979,  (533 
92it,000 


Pounds. 

1  12,  ('.92 
a3,040 
17,443 
12,09(i 
20, ICrf) 
27,77C. 
10,080 
11,200 


Louis- 
iana. 


Pounds. 
I  459,314 

275,  noo 

(:()7, 799 
487, 198 
5(11, 79<i 
241,998 
338,231 
534,000 


Philip- 
pine 
Islands. 


Pounds. 

1  444, 745 
744,034 
4.53,947 
484, 422 
437, 447 
4f.S,913 
.'573,088 
(118, 240 


'  3-vears'  average,  1912-1914,  inclusive. 

*  1921  figures  from  Willett  &  tJray  Crops  and  Consumption. 

Sources:  Columns  2,  3,  and  4  (except  for  1921)  from  Statistical  Abstract  of  United  States;  columns  5,  (i, 
7,  8,  and  9  from  Willett  <.t  Gray,  Jan.  12,  1922,  p.  17,  Sugar  Crops  of  tiie  World. 

It  will  be  seen  that  beet-sugar  production,  though  somewhat 
retarded  during  the  war,  shows  a  general  tendency  to  increase.  In 
the  5-vear  period  1910-1914  it  constituted  about  15.4  per  cent  of  the 
total  domestic  consumption;  in  1921,  21.9  per  cent.  The  increase  is 
therefore  both  absolute  and  relative.  Louisiana  production  is 
characterized  by  wide  fluctuation,  ranging  from  less  than  250,000,000 
pounds  in  1919  to  over  600,000,000  in  1916.  This  fluctuation  is  due 
chiefly  to  the  uncertainty  of  the  Louisiana  climate.  An  early  frost 
seriously  affects  the  crop.  Hawaiian  production  has  probably  about 
reached  its  limit.  There  are  great  possibilities  for  increased  pro- 
duction in  the  Philippine  Islands.  Florida  production  (not  shown 
in  the  table)  may  be  said  to  be  still  in  the  experimental  sta^e. 

The  chief  sources  of  imported  sugar  are  shown  in  Table  III. 

Table  III. — Cane  sugar  (raw) — Imports  by  countries. 
[000  omitted.) 


Year.' 


1910-1914    (aver- 
age)  

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 


Total 
imports. 


Pounds. 
4, 341, 057 
5,418,(530 
5,631,272 
5, 329, 587 
4, 898, 277 
7,019,690 
8,028,668 
5, 967, 375 


Total 
free. 


Pounds. 
232,340 
326,842 
217,190 
267, 891 
197,  .522 
196,319 
31S, 156 
342,380 


Total 
dutiable. 


Pounds. 
4,108,717 
.5,091,788 
5,414,0S1 
5,061,695 
4, 700, 754 
6,823,370 
7, 710,  .511 
5, 625, 105 


Cuba. 


Pounds. 
3,9.56,447 
4, 784, 888 
5, 1.50, 851 
4,669,097 
4,  .560, 749 
6,686,141 
5, 762, 1.52 
5, 180, 145 


Domini- 
can Re- 
public. 


Pounds. 

179,217 
22 
32 
21 


30,963 
546, 193 
34,062 


Pounds. 

10,302 

.86, 188 

107,  .503 

114,367 

14,395 

7, 9S9 

184, 071 

258,268 


Pounds. 

12,891 
71,115 
82, 795 
80,307 
43,962 
16, 964 
207,782 
20,493 


Vene- 
zuela. 


Pounds. 
217 
330 

S,  293 
26, 066 
18, 732 
12,351 
8,827 
9,253 


1  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

Of  the  dutiable  sugar,  about  95  per  cent  normally  comes  from  Cuba. 
This  high  percentage  is  due  in  part  to  the  preference  of  20  per  cent 
in  the  rate  of  duty  which  the  United  States  grants  to  Cuba  over  all 
other  foreign  countries.  Even  the  small  importations  of  full-duty 
sugar  enter  but  shghtly,  if  at  all,  into  consumption.     They  are  im- 

Eorted  to  be  refined  for  export  with  benefit  of  drawback.  In  1920, 
ecause  of  exceptional  conditions,  importation  of  full-duty  sugar 
for  consumption  was  considerable,  amounting  to  over  25  per  cent  of 
the  dutiable  imports. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


Ill 


Imports  by  months  for  the  years  1920  and  1921  and  for  January, 
February,  and  March,  1922,  are  shown  in  the  following  table: 

Table  IV. — Cane  sugar — Imports  by  months. 
[000  omitted.] 


Date. 


Total 
(dutiable 
and  free). 


From 
Cuba. 


From 

Dominican 

Republic 


From 
Peru. 


From 

Philippine 

Islands 

(free). 


1920. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1921. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

!lune 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1922. 

January 

February 

March 


Pounds. 
531,098 
809,333 
928,998 
735, 504 
649, 588 
973,  .335 

1,042,437 
863,207 
437, 217 
270, 822 
432, 931 
354, 192 


254, 505 
595,611 
837, 981 
862, 577 
654,899 


Pounds. 
430,412 
738, 349 
852,888 
678, 294 
568, 578 
754, 307 
734, 770 
434, 671 
170, 405 
67, 070 
183, 576 
148, 826 


206, 803 
549, 842 
767, 961 
749,079 
577, 362 


377,  &31 
277, 270 
570, 852 
315,988 
301, 961 
462,950 
394, 954 


705, 311 

592, 279 

1, 280. 719 


Pounds. 

19,144 

11,399 

22, 878 

21,754 

15,280 

48, 192 

11,410 

21,448 

7,457 

740 

3,110 

1,254 


20,961 
36, 274 
55, 079 
34^530 


Pounds. 
19, 575 
12,737 
8,372 
.5,996 
7,292 
14,997 
21,910 
21,585 
27,950 
17,061 
22, 148 
28, 153 


8,323 


Pounds. 
493 


2,203 
6,  .556 
.3,983 
15,210 
28,717 
128, 510 
48,040 
53,820 
4,179 


1,126 
7,348 
3,517 


3,332 
16, 057 
21,409 
11,631 


335, 2.59 
209, 780 
480,611 
235, 471 
291, 703 
418, 165 
354, 102 


694, 167 

549, 843 

1, 247, 345 


12,406 
24,708 
26,049 
39, 795 
1,733 


743 


20,961 


21,445 
39, 552 
61,348 
23,735 
58,959 
35,507 
36,776 


8, 326 
3,332 
20,682 


The  horizontal  line  across  the  table  between  May  and  June,  1921, 
separates  importations  before  the  emergency  tariff  went  into  effect 
from  those  which  came  in  thereafter,  ft  will  be  seen  that  there  was 
a  marked  falling  off  in  importation  immediately  after  the  passage  of 
this  act  with  a  tendency  to  recover  later  in  the  year.  It  will  be 
noted  further  that  the  falling  off  in  imports  began  in  May  (and  from 
Cuba  even  in  April)  before  the  emergency  act  was  passed.  This  is 
somewhat  remarkable,  as  generally  imports  of  any  commodity 
increase  in  anticipation  of  an  expected  increase  in  the  rate  of  duty. 

Exports  of  sugar  from  1910  to  1921  are  shown  in  Table  V. 

Table  V. — Refined  sugar — Exports,  by  countries. 
[000  omitted.] 


Year.' 

Total. 

Belgium. 

France. 

United 
Kingdom. 

New- 
found- 
land and 
Labrador. 

.\rRen- 
tina. 

Philip- 
pine 
Islands. 

1910-1014  (average) 

Pounds. 
70,976 

.549,007 
1,630,150 
1,248,908 

576,483 
1,47.5,407 

924, 192 

933,792 

Pounds. 
25 
79 
9,084 
25,643 
2.5,864 
16, 862 
10,661 
(») 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

36, 976 
2<;4, 793 
932,4.58 
198, 713 

77,712 
42.5, 170 
204, 268 
363,932 

Pounds. 
8,  .522 

8,119 
9,493 
8, 935 
3, 442 
2, 802 
9.55 
6,670 

Pounds. 

24 

12 

4,329 

89,914 

92,018 

547 

11 

(») 

Pounds. 
1,.56S 

1915 

240, 170 
350, 2% 
478,967 
270, 694 
627, 082 
347,68;} 
118,479 

3,872 

1916 

2,025 

1917 

274 

1918 

in 

1919 

3, 665 

1920 

3,58;j 

1921 

2, 105 

'  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 
'  Not  enumerated. 


112 


KEPORT   OX    rilK    K.MKHtSKNCY    TAUIFF   ACT. 


Ivxporls  by  months  for  the  years  1920  and  1921  und  for  January, 
Fi'hiunrv,  and  March  of  1922  are  shown  in  Tahle  Vl. 

Taiu.k.   \  I. — Rtjined  sugar — J'Jr ports,  hi/  counlrifs. 
(000  omitted.) 


Dtite. 


1920. 

January 

February 

March 

.\pril 

May 

Juuc 

JiUy 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1921. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1922. 

January 

February 

March 


Total.      Belgium. 


Pounds. 
120,437 
1  as  576  ! 
121,873 
20-»,514  , 
137,542 
71,402 
56,447  ; 
9,523  , 
20,997  I 
19, 051 
22,653 
31,173  i 


57,306 
39, 206 
25, 598 
29, 169 
134, 840 


Pounds. 


France. 


Pounds. 
60,640 
28, 074 
45, 8.- 


New- 
United  '  found- 
King-      land  and 


dom. 


3,762 

100,  8.53 

.50, 145 

25,997 

22,400 

6, 101 

5,824 

1,120 

668 

1 

230 



307 

171 

222 
14,095 

Pounds. 

49, 277 

71,141 

32, 356 

23,232 

29, 209 

25, 153 

17,927 

1,121 

11,200 

3,588 

10 

49 


4 

7,056 

5,152 

10, 554 

65, 831 


Labra- 
dor. 


Pounds. 


395 
227 


7 
224 


75 


136,730   . 
150,294 
133,055  ' 
79,781  ! 
38,664 
37,873  , 
71,270  1 


142,821 
135,269 
242,960 


(•) 
0) 

(') 
(1) 
(') 


(■) 
(») 
0) 


41,513 
32,492 
34,986 


73,509 
68,604 
67, 010 
39, 016 
6,919 
5,304 
14, 968 


44,110 
39,584 
63,086 


4 
1,225 


437 
1,2.51 


125 
555 
694 
812 
231 


386 
517 
415 


Philip- 


lands. 


Is?£ 


Pounds. 
402 
1 


1,180 
102 


20 

80 

1, 430 

348 


234 
812 
160 


10 
22 
205 
30 
175 
170 
243 
100 


251 
151 
613 


I  Not  eniunerated. 

Virtually  all  of  the  exported  sugar  is  refined  from  imported  raw 
sugar.  The  price  of  raw  sugar  in  the  United  States,  whether  of 
foreign  or  domestic  origin,  is,  as  will  be  presently  shown,  greater  by 
the  amount  of  the  duty  than  that  of  foreign  sugars  of  the  same  grade 
before  the  duty  is  paid.  A  refiner  can  always  purchase  foreign  raws, 
therefore,  at  a  price  lower  by  the  amount  of  the  duty  than  that  which 
he  will  be  compelled  to  pay  either  for  domestic  raws  or  duty-paid 
foreign  raws.  vVhen  refining  for  export,  therefore,  it  is  to  his  inter- 
est to  purchase  foreign  raws,  pay  the  duty,  and,  when  the  sugar  re- 
fined from  his  purchase  is  reexported,  receive  the  benefit  of  the 
drawback.  Because  of  the  situation  just  described,  no  domestic  raws 
are  exported  and  no  sugar  refined  from  domestic  raws  is  exported. 
Hence,  as  virtually  no  duty  is  paid  on  exported  sugar,^  changes  in 
the  rate  will  have  no  appreciable  effect  upon  exports. 

Sugar  stocks  on  hand  in  the  United  States  and  Cuba,  shown  by 
months  for  the  years  1920  and  1921  and  the  first  five  months  of  1922, 
are  shown  in  Table  VII. 


'  The  drawback  in  99  per  cent  of  the  duty  paid. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF  ACT. 


113 


Table  VII. — Sugar — Stocks  on  hand  (Willett  &  Gray). 
[000  omitted.] 


Date. 


1920. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1921. 

January 

February 

March 


In  United 
States. 


Pounds. 
102,211 
128,296 
322,988 
250,318 
241,299 
209,673 
248,378 
368,381 
331,789 
227,468 
201,262 
197, 176 


230, 198 
250, 499 
332,015 


In  Cuba. 


291 

602 

942 

1,379 

1,507: 

1,458 

1,210 

859: 

704: 

696: 

654 

546 


459, 

831, 

1,307, 


Date. 


April . 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December . , 


1921. 


January. 
February. 

March 

April 

May 


1922. 


In  United 

States. 


Pounds. 

340,469 
619, 871 
646,594 
544, 819 
324,585 
359, 3a5 
275,005 
160, 881 
233,636 


146, 877 
274,578 
423,992 
568,440 
706,026 


In  Cuba. 


Pounds. 

1,867,710 
2,484,751 
3,151,788 
3,214,420 
3,200,852 
2,780,626 
2, 6%,  111 
2,494,459 
2,187,506 


1,972,345 
1,725,416 
1,898,044 
2,167,243 
2,484,180 


Tables  II  and  III  show  that  there  were  heavy  knportations  of 
sugar  in  1920,  over  8,000,000,000  pounds  as  agamst  7,000,000,000 
pounds  in  1919  and  less  than  6,000,000,000  pounds  m  1921.  More- 
over, it  will  be  noted  that  in  the  same  year  (1920)  the  imports  of  full- 
duty  sugar  constituted  an  unusually  large  percentage  of  the  total 
dutiable  imports — about  25  per  cent  as  against  an  ordinary  ratio  of 
only  about  5  per  cent.  Again,  1921  was  a  year  of  large  domestic 
production,  over  5,000,000,000  pounds  as  against  3.6  billion  pounds 
m  1920  and  4.2  billion  pounds  in  1919.  Finally,  as  was  to  have  been 
expected  from  the  large  domestic  production  and  the  heavy  imports 
of  the  preceding  year,  1921  was  a  year  of  falling  prices  and  rather 
sluggish  movements  of  sugar  from  Cuba  in  the  face  of  large  produc- 
tion in  that  island  during  the  same  year,  nearly  9,000,000,000  pounds. 
The  net  result  was  the  accumulation  of  stocks  of  unsold  sugar  in 
Cuba.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  table  that  as  the  montJis  passed  the 
stocks  accumulated  in  Cuba  until  in  July  they  aggregated  3,214,- 
429,000  pounds.  From  this  date  there  was  a  slow  decline  until 
March,  1922,  when  stocks  again  began  to  accumulate  from  the  new 
crop. 

New  York  prices  of  sugar,  week  by  week  for  1921  and  to  June  8, 
1922,  are  shown  in  Table  VIII. 


114 


HKPOin"    ox    TIIH    KMKIUIKNCV    TAKIIF    ACT, 


T.vHi.F.  XllL—Supar—rricfif  In  Ncir   York,  19J1-J922. 

(Now  York  niiotations,  in  pfiits  nor  poiiiul,  of  9fi°  wntrifiipils,  duly  imld,  nml  o.  and  (.,i  Now  York,  for  the 
yv&t  WiX  And  |uirt  of  Wa.    Tlu>  pri(v  of  Ihio  i;ran«i  luted  and  I  lie  rt-llniTs'  margin 'arc  also  sliown  ] 


Pate. 


1  Costs  and  freight. 


'  DifTerence  between  the  r)rice  of  fine  granulated  and  96°  centrifugals. 


REPORT   OX    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


115 


It  will  be  seen  from  tliis  table  that  with  some  fluctuation  there 
was  a  general  tendency  for  the  price  of  sugar  to  decline  throughout 
the  year  1921,  and  again  with  some  fluctuations  a  general  tendency 
for  prices  to  rise  from  the  beginning  of  1922  to  the  present  time.  It 
will  further  be  noted  that  this  tendency  to  decline  in  1921  was  not 
checked  by  the  passage  of  the  emergency  act  in  May.     Both  the  duty- 

Eaid  sugar  and  the  c.  and  f .  sugar  continued  their  downward  course, 
ut  the  fall  in  the  c.  and  f.  sugar  was  the  greater  of  the  two.  As  a 
result  the  difference  between  these  two  columns  is  throughout  the 
table  approximately  the  rate  of  duty — 1  cent  before  the  passage  of 
the  emergency  act  and  1.6  cents  thereafter. 

DAIRY  PRODUCTS. 


Article. 

Emergency 
tariff  rate. 

Senate  bill. 

Act  of  1913. 

Act  of  1909. 

Butter  and  butter  sub- 
stitutes  

6  cents  per  pound . 
23  per  cent 

8  cents  per  pound .  i  2i  cents  per  poimd. 
5  cents  Der  Dound .  J  20  roer  cent 

6  cents  per  pound. 

Cheese  and  cheese  sub- 

Do. 

Milk,  fresh 

2  cents  per  gallon.    2i  cents  per  gallon. 
5  cents  per  gallon.!  22i cents nereallon. 

Free 

2  cents  per  gallon. 

Cream  .... 

do 

5  cents  per  gallon. 

BUTTER. 

In  the  act  of  1909  the  duty  on  butter  was  6  cents  per  pound.  This 
rate  was  reduced  to  2^  cents  in  the  act  of  1913  and  was  restored  in 
the  emergency  act. 

In  the  last  10  years  there  has  been  a  small  increase  in  the  total  pro- 
duction of  farm  and  factory  butter  in  the  United  States ;  the  output 
in  1919  was  1,649,000,000  pounds  as  against  1,622,000,000  in  1909. 
If  the  production  of  butter  substitutes  be  added,  it  may  be  said  that 
the  per  capita  production  remained  almost  stationary.  It  was  18.7 
pounds  in  1909  and  18.9  pounds  in  1919.  The  trade  in  butter  has 
fluctuated  greatly  in  recent  years,  as  is  shown  in  Table  I.  But  in 
1920,  when  imports  reached  the  highest  point  in  the  history  of  our 
trade  in  dairy  products,  they  amounted  to  something  over  2  per 
cent  of  the  domestic  production,  while  exports  were  about  1  per  cent. 

Table  I. — Butter — Summary  table. 


Year.' 


1909 

1914 

1910-1914  (average) . 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

1922  (3  months) 


Production. 


Factory. 


Pounds. 
627, 145, 865 
786, 003, 489 


760, 030,  .''>73 
743, 895, 06S 
798, 7K5,  .522 
8.56, 866, 448 
86.3, 000, 000 
1,026,000,000 


Farm  and 
factory. 


Pounds. 
1,621,796,475 


1,649,000,000 


'  Fiscal  years,  1909-1918;  caleiuhir  years,  1919-1922. 


General 
imports. 


Pounds. 

646,320 

7, 842, 022 

2,479,603 

3, 828, 227 

712,998 

523,  .573 

1, 805, 9Z5 

9, 519, 3f)8 

37, 4.54, 172 

18,558,388 

2, 182, 452 


Domestic 
exports. 


Pounds. 
.5,981,265 
3,693,597 
4,277,955 
9, 8.50, 704 
13, 487, 481 
20, 835, 092 
17, 735, 966 
34, 556, 485 
17,487,735 
8,014,737 
1,712,629 


116 


IJKl'OUT   ON    rilK    K.MKKCKNl'V    TAKIFI'    ACT. 


Tahle  I. — Butter — Sunimanj  table — Continued. 
CREAMERY  Bl'TTER. 


I'alo. 


19J0. 

Jainiary 

FebriiuVy 

Mnrrh 

April 

May 

Juiie 

July 

August 

September 

October 

Novoiulior 

Decombor 


Production. 


Factory. 


Farm  and 
factory. 


Pnvnds.  Pounds. 

I'.I.IMI.OOO     

ir.,:i.v,,(XX)  ' 

■'i«i,  3ia;  (XX)    

W),  t')-'2,  (100  f 

Sfi,  S45,  (XX)    

n4,695,0(X)  ] 

110,844,000    

90,669,000    

77,106,000  I 

65, 129,  (XX)    

53, 570, 0(X)    

52,395,000  , 


(Ti>noral 
Imports. 


Pounds. 

334, 135 
1,095,813 
3,151,640 

5, 06.5, 020 
1,710,519 
3, 18(>,559 
8,311,414 
2, 737, 265 
2, 579, 064 
2,455,315 
2,798,684 
4, 033, 754 


Domestic 
exports. 


Pounds. 

1, 899, 19ft 

4,294,300 

6,396,823 

779, 216 

886, 552 

696,232 

576, 892 

436,214 

327, 482 

3S3,  SOS 

306,328 

50-1,631 


Imports  of  butter  prior  to  the  passage  of  the  emergency  tariff. — The 
reduction  in  duty  on  butter  from  6  cents  in  the  act  of  1909  to  2h  cents 
in  the  act  of  1913  had  Httle  influoiice  upon  imports  during  the  war, 
as  conditions  of  international  demand  put  this  country  upon  an  ex- 
porting basis.     In  1920,  however,  37,454,000  pounds  were  imported. 

Table  II. — Butter. 
IMPORTS  BY  COUNTRIES. 


Year.i 

Total. 

1 
Denmark.  Canada. 

Argen- 
tina. 

Nether- 
lands. 

New 
Zealand. 

Austra- 
lia. 

Other 
coun- 
tries. 

1910-1914  (average) . . . 
1915 

Pounds. 

2,479,603 

3,828,227 

712,998 

Pounds.     Pounds. 

376,678       619,639 
1,620,882   1,277,877 

160.422       372.066 

Pounds. 
56,112 
351,233 

Pounds. 

28,865 

2,700 

219 

Pounds. 
249,082 
157,365 
122,990 
50,400 

Pounds. 

386,651 

275,621 

18,416 

6,696 

1,004,957 

Pounds. 
762,576 
142,549 

1916 

38,885 

1917                  

523,573         149,078       311,257 

1,805,925           83,305       620,279 

9,519,368           71,448   9,437,960 

37,454,172    19,934,547   9,235,630 

18,558,388   12.238.086   2.»16.057 

336 

47,783 

196 

4,048,648 

696,275 

5,806 

191S 

49,601 

1919                   

9,764 

1920 

3,061,842 
247,442 

645,459 
969, 153 

2,806 
1,433,603 

525,240 

1921 

127.772 

: 

IMPORTS  BY  MONTHS. 


1920. 

January 334,135 

February 1,095,813 

March 3,151,640 

April 5,065,020 

May 1,710,519 

June 3,186,559 

July 8,311,414 

August I  2,737,265 

September I  2,579,064 

October i  2, 455, 315 

November i  2,798,684 

December 4, 033, 754 

1921. 

January..., 3,811,905 

February 1,896,938 

March 4, 263, 581 

AprU 1,370,222 

May 54,637 

June 33,884 

July ■  191,748 

August 1  149,886 

September 397, 929 

October :  1, 858, 409 

November :  1,925,560  | 

December !  2,601,689 

1922.  ' 

January '  1,555,544 

February 453,151 


268,792 

792, 161 

8.32, 365 

4, 100, 954 

247,180 

714,460 

5, 356, 355 

1, 463, 167 

591, 693 

1, 014, 827 

1,387,12:3 

3, 165, 470 


2, 834, 807 

1,639,713 

4,015,777 

1, 301, 346 

34,901 

8,606 

98,393 

58,052 

147, 545 

856,273 

581,029 

672,644 


456,087 
9,872 


59,239 
237, 586 

2,299,611 
750, 273 
390, 715 
691, 876 

1,511,&55 
877, 08.5 
595, 848 
437, 695 
719, 302 
684,515 


2,205 

"ie'sw" 

85,795 
017, 394 
112 
170,765 
386, 893 
398, 719 
756, 145 
211,818 
2,248 


61, 579 
1,100 


34,902  :     104,330 

28,149  ,     194,017 

3,886  ;     195,990 

5.3,780  I 

12,296  I , 

23,427    

110,425    

83,512    

244,114    

995,030  I              63 

82:j,612    

425, 924  201, 875 

189,8:37    

144,989  201,000 


55,000 

667, 7a3 

220, 171 

1,920 

977 

1,176 

4,969 

47, 167 


154,65:3 

12, 716 

4,541 

984 

440 

1,332 

2,322 

1,764 

2,646 

441 

52, 363 

13, 240 


2,540 
1,273 


560 


2,800 


6,627 

244,216 

353,512 

40,544 


673,940 


8,400 


24 
2,912 
6,160 
11,200 


315, 948 
32,760 


2 

3 

5,600 


112 


421,246 
1,006,640 


36,000 


3,899 

1,687 

2,010 

127, 438 

224 

112,328 

52,268 

8,200 

5,200 

1,256 

121, 960 

93, 780 


9,273 

22,341 

4.3,384 

112 

54,637 

519 

608 

6,534 

600 

442 

36, 110 

281,366 


591, 132 
26,657 


1  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 


EEPORT   ON   THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF  ACT. 


117 


These  unparalleled  imports,  which  were  continued  during  the  first 
few  months  of  1921,  were  the  result  of  an  extraordinary  combination 
of  circumstances.  High  prices,  which  were  maintained  in  the 
United  States  contemporaneously  with  lower  prices  in  other  large 
consuming  countries,  especially  Great  Britain,  made  this  country  the 
world's  best  market  for  surplus  countries.  Denmark  was  the  source 
of  53  per  cent  of  the  total  imports.  About  25  per  cent  came  from 
Canada,  1 1  per  cent  from  Argentina,  and  8  per  cent  from  the  Nether- 
lands. 

While  even  the  large  imports  of  1920  were  only  2.3  per  cent  of  the 
total  domestic  production,  their  effect  was  narrowed  and  therefore 
heightened  by  two  factors.  In  the  first  place,  the  imports  were 
largely  concentrated  in  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  San 
Francisco.  Over  28,000,000  pounds  came  in  at  New  York  alone  and 
were  largely  consumed  there.  When  this  is  compared  with  the  1920 
receipts  at  New  York — 165,000,000  pounds  of  foreign  and  domestic 
butter — it  is  seen  that  foreign  butter  made  up  17  per  cent  of  New 
York's  requirements.  Since  New  York  is  the  country's  largest 
consummg  market  and  draws  a  large  portion  of  its  supply  from  the 
Middle  West,  the  effect  of  imports  upon  the  New  York  market  was 
reflected  in  other  important  markets  throughout  the  country. 

In  the  second  place,  the  effect  of  the  imports  was  still  further 
narrowed  because  the  imported  butter  came  into  competition  directly 
with  the  kind  of  butter  it  most  nearly  resembled.  Thus  the  high 
quality  Danish  butter  which  constituted  the  larger  part  of  our  imports 
came  into  competition  more  directly  with  domestic  "extras"  (92 
score)  and  "higher  than  extras." 

Exports. — It  is  important  to  note  that  exports  were  maintained 
even  in  1920. 

Table  III.— Butter. 

EXPORTS  BY  COUNTRIES. 


Year.i 


1910-1914  (average) 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

1922  (3  months) 


Total. 


Pouvds. 
4,277,955 
9,8«0,704 
13, 487, 481 
26,835,092 
17,735,9f>6 
34, 556, 485 
17, 487, 735 
8,014,737 
1,712,629 


Mexico.        Panama. 


Pounds. 
369, 271 
138,066 
167,395 
5.58, 369 
223,091 
429, 608 
798, 5% 

1,121,874 
235,073 


Pounds. 
510,358 
559,809 
621,527 
573, 580 
513, 524 
471,812 
565,274 
713,978 
161,448 


Venezuela. 


Pounds. 

599, 600 

255, 570 

.38,663 

79, 785 

6,402 

35, 563 

2  1, 1S3, 122 

2  508,921 

« 191, 195 


Cuba. 


Pounds. 
250, 380 
254, 484 
311,141 
339, 104 
268,386 
554,116 
858,783 
715, 166 
221,665 


Year.i 


1910-1914  (average). 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

1922  (3  months) 


Haiti. 


Pounds. 
413,292 
293,981 
426,200 
443,430 
223,. 589 
364,410 
552, 700 
429, 005 
163,272 


French 
West 
Indies. 


Pounds. 

280,099 

182,4.38 

195,523 

137,962 

121,683 

109,723 

<  1,419,188 

<1,. 565, 379 

< 507,471 


Canada. 


Pounds. 

499,942 

2,642,954 

2,013,392 

1,32.3,6.53 

44, 749 

274,893 

8,55, 1.50 

1,907,184 

48,717 


United 
Iviiigdom. 


Pounds. 

601,095 

3,336,425 

5, 433, 282 

20, 839,  .58.3 

13, 982,  .5.59 

20,922,012 

3, 898, 845 

65, 168 


Other 
countries.^ 


Pounds. 

753,918 
2,216,977 
4,280,3.58 
2,  .5.39, 626 
2,  .351, 983 
11,394,348 
7,3,56,077 
988,062 
183,  78S 


•  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1922. 
'  South  America. 

'The  large  "all  other"  due  to  heavy  shipments  to  Belgium,  France,  Italy,  Netherlands,  and  the  I'liil- 
Ippines. 
fOther  West  Indies. 


118 


REPORT    ON     rilK    K.Mi:i{(iKXC'V    TArilFI"    ACT. 


Taimk   1 1 1.  -/>'n//(T  -('ontiiuu'il. 
KXPOirrs  BY   MONTHS. 


Month. 


January... 
February . 
March..!.. 

April 

May 

Juno 


1920 


I.SiW.  I9A 

4,J94..iOO 

6.a9(},S23 

779, 216 

S.S6,  ."fcVi 

096,232 


1921 


1922 


.•.7.'.,  ms         .>1S,  967 

MS,  ,S03  .'lOO,  293 
1.3.V).0!>1  673,369 
1.10»».566    

647,118    

640,753  ' 


Month. 


July 

August 

.'^pptombcr. . 

<)clolx>r 

Novomlwr. . 
December. . . 


1920 


.'>76. 892 
4:i6,2l4 
327, 4S2 
3S3, 808 
:j0t).326 
.')04,634 


531,078 
4;«,  489 
376, 283 
463, 633 
480, 147 
439, 208 


Importti  ofhntter  in  1921  and  1922. — During  the  first  four  months 
of  1920,  imports  continued  heavy,  hut  in  May  thev  were  greatly 
reduced  and  thereafter  subsequent  to  the  increase  in  duty  on  May  28 
from  2^  to  6  cents  per  pound,  they  were  small  as  compared  with  the 
receipts  of  foreign  butter  during  the  year  previous.  During  the 
nine  months  period  following  the  enactment  of  the  emergency  tariff, 
imports  were  9,168,000  pounds,  less  than  one-third  as  much  as  dur- 
ing the  corresponding  months  of  1920-21.  For  a  complete  expla- 
nation of  this  reduction,  however,  a  study  must  be  made  of  the 
situation  in  the  domestic  and  foreign  markets.  Table  IV  shows  how 
the  New  York  market  receipts  increased  in  1921  supported  by  an 
extraordinary  domestic  production  of  creamery  butter.  Receipts 
in  the  five  principal  markets  also  show  a  large  increase. 

Table  IV'. — Creamery  hutter — Production  by  months. 


Month. 

1921                       1920 

Month. 

1921 

1920 

'        Pounds. 

January ;          .>5, 442, 000 

February 54,876,000 

.March 6.5.  .596, 000 

April 80,-363,000 

May 116,0.53.000 

Pounds. 
49, 044, 000 
46,355,000 
.56,303,000 
60,622,000 
86,845,000 
114,695,000 
110,844,000 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Total 

Pounds. 

108, 897, 000 
87,634,000 
82,785,000 
68,604,000 
69,104,000 

Pounds. 
90, 669, 000 
77,  lOS,  000 
6.5, 129, 000 
53,570,000 
52,395,000 

July 

109, 288, 000 

1,026,583,000 

863,577,000 

Butter — Receipts  at  New  York  by  months. 


Month. 


1920 


Pounds. 

January 10, 165, 0.50 

February 9, 275, 805 

March 10,893,708 

April 11,982,789 

May 17,831,961 

June 22,870.512 

July 18,193,203 

August.. .-> 19,877,823 


Pounds. 
9,9.50,031 
8, 985, 186  1 
10,9:55,225  , 
6,651,099 
10,406,907 
18,646,803  i 
18,350,451  I 
14,560,749 


Month. 


September. 
October. . . 
November. 
December. 


1921 


Total 

7  months  June  to 
December 


Pounds. 
17.799,642 
15, 229, 746 
13,112,946 
12,509,532 


179,742,717 
119,593,404 


1920 


Pou 
11 
10 


nds. 
629, 800 
146, 465 
766, 135 
435,259 


137, 
90, 


464,110 
535,662 


In  spite  of  the  decline  in  the  price  from  an  average  of  61  cents  in 
1920  to  43  cents  in  1921,  butter  was  the  most  profitable  outlet  for  the 
increased  production  of  milk.  The  extremely  low  price  of  feedstuffs 
encouraged  the  production  of  milk  and  also  some  milk  was  diverted 
from  the  manufacture  of  condensed  milk  to  butter. 

Table  V  gives  a  comparison  of  Danish  butter  in  London  with  the 
nearest  comparable  grade  (92  score)  in  New  York. 


REPORT   ON   THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


119 


Table  V. — Danish  butter — Comparison  of  prices  in  London  with  prices  of  92  score  butter 

in  New  Yorh. 

[Per  pound.] 


Date. 

New  York.' 

London  .2 

Excess  of 

New  York 

over  London. 

Exoess  of 
London  over 
New  York. 

1921. 

$0.5700 
.5350 
.  5200 
.5000  ! 
.  4950  ! 
.4600  : 
.4400  i 
.4800 
.5250  > 
.5300 
.4750 
.4500 
.4650 
.4950 

.4900 
.4550 
.4100 
.  35,50 
.3600 
.3000 
.2800 

.2900 
.3000 
.3150 
.3300 
.3450 
.3550 
.3850 
.4150 
.4200 
.4350 
.  4450 
.4400 
.4200 
.4150 
.4050 
.4200 
.4400 
.  43,50 
.4450 
.4650 
.4750 
.4750 
.4850 
.4650 
.4.500 
.4250 
.4500 
.  46.50 
.4600 
.44,50 
.4200 
.3950 

.36.50 
.3750 
.3700 
.3850 
.3650 

Duty,  Si  cents. 
SO.  5323 
.5460 
.5602 
.5666 
.5797 
.5110 
.5194 
.5147 
.  5160 
.5212 
.5212 
.5227 
.5225 
.5224 

British  con- 
trol ended. 
.5210 
.5037 
.4911 
.4945 
.4969 
.3398 
.3616 

Emergency 
duty,  6  cents 
per  pound. 
.3787 
.3668 
.3559 
.  3461 
.3456 
.3433 
.3524 
.3842 
.4319 
.4269 
.4157 
,4271 
.4385 
.4379 
.4122 
.4090 
.3834 
.3801 
.3829 
.  3895 
.4002 
.4162 
.4199 
.  4225 
.4269 
.4,574 
.+440 
.4024 
.3917 
.38.59 
.3275 
.3056 

.2984 
.  3334 
Xominal. 
.3566 
.3311 
.  3559 
.3613 
.  3.590 

$0.0377 

8                   

$0.0110 

15 

.0402 

22.      .      

.0666 

29              

.0847 

Feb.  5                 

.0510 

12                    

.  0794 

19         

.0347 

26              

.0090 
.0088 

Mar.  5 

12                     

.0462 

19  ..       

.0727 

26            1 

.0575 

Apr  2                  

.0274 

9            

.  0310 

16              

.0487 

23 

.0811 

30 

.  1395 

.1369 

14 

.0398 

.0816 

28.           

.0887 

.0668 

11                      

.0409 

.0161 

25 

.0006 

.0107 
.0326 
.0308 

9 

23 

.0119 

.0081 
.0293 
.0129 

Aug.  6 

20        ...      

.0185 

4 

.0229 

Sept.  3 

.0072 

.0110 
.  0.566 
.  0549 
.0621 
.  07,55 
.0748 
.0588 
.0651 
.0425 
.0231 

Sept.  17 

Oct.  1 

15 

22   .      

29 

Nov  5  

12 

19 

.  0324 

.006 

.0626 

.0683 

.  0591 

.0925 

.0894 

.0660 
.(M16 

Dec.  3 

17 

31 

Jan.  7  .  .  . 

21 

.0284 
.0339 

Feb.  4 

18 

.3800 
.  36(K) 
.3800 
.39.50 
.4000 
.3700 
.3550 

.0187 
.0010 

25 

Mar.  4 

11 

18 .  . 

25 

Apr.  1 

I  Prices  of  92  score  creamery  batter  in  New  York  from  the  Market  Reporter,  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

»  Prices  of  Danish  butter  in  London  from  the  London  Statist  converted  at  current  rates  of  excimnge. 
Prices  controlled  January  1-April  9. 


120 


KKPdirr    ON    TIIK    KMKIUIKXl'Y    TARIFF    AC.T. 


In  May,  after  tho  docontrol  of  butter  prices  by  Great  Britain,  the 
liill'erentijil  in  favor  of  shipinont  of  Danish  butter  to  London  rather 
than  to  New  York  increased  to  nearly  14  cents  and  our  imports  fell 
olV  sharply,  even  before  the  jiassa^e  of  the  emergency  tariff.  After 
May  28,  tlie  ilitferential  favorinjz;  Lon(h)n  (Un'reased  and  after  July  it 
swung  over  the  other  way.  Tliereafter,  with  but  few  exceptions, 
the  New  York  price  was  higher  than  the  London  price,  the  average 
niarijin  bein<;  4.3  cents.  The  emer<j:ency  tariff  was  thus  apparently 
eU'ectivc  in  maintaining  the  domestic  above  the  British  price. 

Table  VI. — Danish  bulter — Imports  into  the  United  States  and  into  Great  Britain. 


Year. 

United  States.^ 

Great  Britain. ^ 

1910-1914  (average) 

Pounds. 

376,676 

1,620,880 

160,422 

149,078 

83,305 

71,448 

19, 934, 547 

12,2.38,086 

472,505 

Pounds. 
190,  .'560,048 

1915 

■      148, 635, 200 

1916 

127,097,712 
69,681,920 

1917 

191S                                                                                     

4,516  62J 

1919 

.32, 512,  .592 

1920 

91,.530,32n 

1921  .                         

139,985,412 
44, 947, 952 

1922  (3  moaths) 

United  States. 


Period. 


1920 


1921 


January- 

Febniary . . 

Marcli 

AprU 

May 

.June 

•Inly 

August 

i^eptember. 

October 

November . 
December. . 


Pounds. 

268,792 

792, 161 

832, 365 

4,100,954 

247,180 

714,460 

.1, 356, 355 

1,463,167 

.591,693 

1,014,827 

1,387,123 

3, 165, 470 


Pounds. 

2,834,807 

1,6,39,713 

4, 015, 777 

1,301,346 

34,901 

8,606 

98, 393 

58, 052 

147, 545 

,8.56, 273 

.581,029 

672,644 


Total  pounds 19, 934, 547     12, 229, 086 

Total  value $10, 122, 756     $5, 186, 248 

Average  value  per  pound,  i 

cents ,  50.8               42.4 


1922 


Pounds. 

4,56, 087 

9,872 

4,492 

2,0.54 


472, 505 
$164,683 


Great  Britain. 


1920 


Pounds. 

12,069,344 
2, 836, 400 
6,300,896 
2,554,272 
7,  .567, 840 

17,522,400 
7, 686, 560 
6, 896, 848 
7,481,064 
.5,008,416 
5,490,464 

10,112,816 


1922 


91, 530, 320 
$38,996,118 


Pounds. 
10,773,840 
7,063,028 
4, 914, 896 
12, 872, 608 
12,538,960 
15, 736, 784 
11,896,304 
16, 200, 240 
12,123,328 
11, 982,  .544 
12,670,112 
11,212,768 


Pounds. 
13, 785, 40S 
9, 817, 80S 
11,165,616 
10, 179, 120 


139,985,412 
$45,004,645 


44,947,952 
$15, 572, 849 

34.6 


1  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 
'  Calendar  years. 

Conditions  in  the  London  market  had  an  important  influence  in 
making  this  possible.  As  the  British  Government  supplies  became 
exhausted  and  prices  lower,  the  British  market  for  imported  butter 
expanded  until  it  was  able  to  absorb  most  of  the  available  surplus 
from  exporting  countries.  British  imports  in  the  calendar  year  1921 
approacned  pre-war  volume.  They  amounted  to  352,000,000  pounds 
as  compared  with  170,000,000  pounds  in  1920.  Exporting  countries, 
especially  Denmark,  apparently  found  that  with  the  6-cent  duty  in 
the  United  States  and  with  the  changed  price  situation  it  was  again 
more  profitable  to  ship  the  bulk  of  their  product  to  Great  Britain. 

BUTTER  SUBSTITUTES. 

The  emergency  tariff  increase  from  2^  to  6  cents  per  pound  ap- 
plied to  butter  substitutes  as  well  as  to  butter.  No  separate  statis- 
tics of  imports  of  butter  substitutes  are  available. 


REPORT    OX    THE    EMERGENCY    TARIFF   ACT. 


121 


CHEESE. 

The  act  of  1909  fixed  the  duty  on  cheese  at  6  cents  per  pound. 
Under  the  act  of  1913  it  was  changed  to  20  per  cent  ad  valorem. 
The  emergency  act  increased  the  duty  to  23  per  cent. 

Table  I  affords  a  comparison  of  the  domestic  production  and  our 
foreign  trade  in  cheese  since  1910. 

Table  VII. — Cheese — Suminary  table. 


Year. 

Domestic 
production. 

General 
imports. 

Domestic 
exports. 

1909 

Pounds. 
>  320, 532, 181 
2  370,278,599 

Pounds. 
35, 548, 143 
63,784,313 
49,220.117 
.50, 138, 520 
30,087,999 
14,481,514 

9,  839, 305 
11,332,204 
15,993,725 
26,866,404 

8, 433, 759 

Pounds. 
6, 882, 842 
2  427  577 

1914 

1910-1914  (average) 

4  915'  502 

1915 

55  362  917 

1916 

3  333, 593, 841 
394,845,038 
378, 939, 610 
430, 853, 213 

44, 394, 301 
66,050,013 
44  303  076 

1917           

1918 

1919 

14  159  721 

1920 

le' 291', 529 

1921 1 

11',  771' 971 

1922  (4  months) 

2  046  771 

1 

>  Census  figures:  Production  on  farms  and  in  factories.  -.. 

2  Census  figures:  Production  in  factories  only. 

3  Bureau  of  Markets  figures:  Factory  production  only. 

In  our  foreign  trade  in  cheese,  imports  have  consisted  very  largely 
of  fancy  European  varieties,  while  exports  have  been  mostly  Ameri- 
can Cheddar  cheese.  The  bulk  of  imports  were  of  varieties  whose 
manufacture  required  much  skill  and  long  experience  and  were  types 
not  made  in  the  United  States.  Moreover,  some  of  the  important 
varieties  were  made  of  sheep  and  goat  milk.  The  bulk  of  domestic 
production  and  export,  on  the  other  hand,  was  of  types  to  which  the 
factory  system  of  manufacture  was  best  adapted.  Just  before  the 
war  our  exports  had  declined  to  such  an  extent  that  they  amounted 
to  less  than  3,000,000  pounds  annually  as  compared  with  50,000,000 
pounds  in  1900.  Imports  of  the  fancy  foreign  types  had  steadil}^  in- 
creased until  in  1914,  under  the  rate  fixed  by  the  act  of  1913 — of  20 
per  cent  ad  valorem — nearly  64,000,000  pounds  were  imported.  Of 
this  42  per  cent  came  from  Italy,  36  per  cent  from  Switzerland,  8.5 
per  cent  from  France,  and  nearly  6  per  cent  from  the  Netherlands. 

Table  VIII. — Cheese- — Imports  by  countries. 


Year.! 


1910-1914  (average) 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

1922  (4  months) . . . 


Total. 


Pounds. 
49,220,117 
50, 138, 520 
30,087,999 
14,481,514 

9,839,305 
11,332,204 
1.5,99.3,725 
26, 866, 404 

8, 433, 759 


Italy. 


Pounds. 

20,834,962 

2.5,662,362 

16,084,058 

8, 482, 280 

16,044 

373, 807 

985, 197 

9,099,697 

2, 398, 583 


Switzer- 
land. 


Poundx. 
16,924,388 
14,766,682 
9,514,008 
1,640,656 


12, 3.54 
801,902 


France. 


Pounds. 
4,142,716 
3, 5.54, 297 
2, 321,. 543 
1,937,341 
1,026,117 
680, K07 
1,.5K3,U9 


2,358,883    2,080,874 
1,401,863    1,178,9.50 


^  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1922. 


Nether- 
lands. 


Pounds. 

3,365,038 

2, 210, 861 

.578,201 

249,371 


4,947 

863, 405 

1,183,232 

708, 272 


Argen- 
tina. 


Pounds. 


1,841,288 
8, 252, 446 
,5,04.3,010 
9,871,815 
8, 088, 775 
1,362,4,50 


Canada. 


Pounds. 

290, 857 

157,419 

121,2.50 

91,. 5,53 

72,717 

1,731,-529 

,S13,(K)1 

2,497,978 

718,695 


other 

countries. 


Pounds. 

3,062,1.56 

3, 7.S6, 899 

1,46K,9;« 

239,025 

471,9H1 

485,690 

1,07.5,280 

1,. 5,56, 965 

664,946 


122 


nKPORT   ON    THK    KMEROENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 
Tabik  IX. — Cheese — Exports,  by  countries. 


Vivir.' 


1910-1014  (aver- 

ace) 

1«15 

1916 

1017 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

1922(3monUis). 


Totnl. 


Ponndf. 

■i.ms.riOi 

5o,;W2,917 
44.394.301 
H6.0.V1,013 
44,3n;},n:« 
14.1.')9,721 
ir),2<U..')29 
11,771,971 
1,712,629 


KiiiRdom. 


Pound:'. 

2. 710. 173 
.'>0,.'vJ2.279 
3S,077,«,')7 
.'•),'■..  399, 101 
3r..S17,4SO 

,")S.'j.s2;> 

.'•),2:W,407 

3,492,7r)l 

,      235,073 


Canadtt. 


P(>iin(h. 

10(>,4S7 

2,H0-J,243 

2,  ry>Si\,  944 

2,247,702 

349,933 

2S2.9,5S 

><41,t>47 

1,S<)»),413 

221,665 


rnmi- 
raa. 


Poundn. 
40;!,  420 
4S9,0.'iO 
J4,'-.,2:}7 
S.'iO.SU 
2«>2,0S1 
173,309 
3ir..405 
399,02:! 
507,471 


Mo\io(). 


Pounds. 

2S2, 004 

70,974 

l*is.;iS<J 

«02,.S7» 

.S19.324 

31S,.V21 

1,1  SI,. Vis 

l,,->C,7..5.'i2 

235,073 


West 
Indies. 


Cuba. 


Pound/!. 
103, 7S2 
4.")7,9U 

1,002,032 


Ponmh. 
370,474 

329. 850 
433,407 
347,143  '1,40«.C.00 
241,906  '2,7.js,s73 

225.851  2,348., -,75 
3.59,919  ,2,875.070 
416,929  ,1,562,264 
172,997  00,610 


China. 


Other 
coun- 
tries. 


Pounds. ]Poundi>. 
72,795  I  .500. 305 
.57.015  010,.VSil 
8X.820  1.011,215 
122.816  1,372.1M)2 
232,422  3.  S J  1,907 
145.017  9.479.007 
173.208  5.310.315 
205,470  2, 261,. 563 
33,340       216,400 


'  Fiscal  yC4»rs.  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1922. 

With  tlio  incroasiiii];  .strinijoncv  in  food  supplies  in  Eiu'ope  and  with 
the  niultipHcation  of  ollicial  restrictit)ns  on  fooil  exports,  it  became 
more  and  more  didieult  to  ol)tain  fancy  cheeses  from  Europe.  In 
the  fiscal  year  1919.  practically  none  was  imported  from  Italy, 
Switzerland,  and  Xetiierlands,  and  very  little  from  other  European 
countries.  Some  Italian  varieties  came  in  from  Argentina,  but  for 
the  most  part  the  markets  were  bare  of  imported  cheese. 

The  reduction  in  the  European  shipments  greatly  stimulated  pro- 
duction of  foreign  varieties  in  this  country.  The  output  of  Swiss 
cheese  increased  from  15.800,000  pounds"  in  1910  to  21,000,000 
pounds  in  1919;  5,000,000  pounds  of  Italian  varieties  wei'c  produced 
in  1919  and  11.700,000  pounds  of  all  other  varieties.  But  the  lack 
of  cheese  makers  skilled  m  the  making  of  foreign  cheeses  and  the  ab- 
sence of  suitable  conditions  and  necessary  supplies  of  raw  material, 
prevented  the  production  of  these  varieties  in  sufficient  quantity 
and  variety  to  supply  the  demand.  Furthermore,  American  factory 
methods  were  not  adapted  to  the  making  of  man}^  of  these  varieties. 

Table  X. -^Cheese — Imports  by  months. 


Month. 


1920 


January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August — 
September 
October. . . 
November. 
December. 


Pounds. 

1,155,278 

667,497 

1,335,924 

740, 158 

2, 307,. 5.54 

1,822,027 

.5,50, 000 

660,963 

961,450 

1,780,698 

1,739,351 

1,780,034 


1921 


1922 


Pounds. 
1,844,115 
713,324 
1,342,192 
1,558,125 
1,469,677 
1,691,860 
2,200,800 
3,091,008 
2,570,827 
3,952,650 
3,980,147 
3,398,876 


Pound.1. 
2,174,402 
1,936,  .554 
2,045,703 

2,277,100 


As  soon  as  the  European  export  restrictions  were  removed,  im- 
ports began  to  increase.  In  1920,  16,000,000  pounds,  valued  at 
.S5,000,000,  came  in;  and  in  1921,  20,000,000  pounds,  valued  at 
S8, 000,000.  In  the  fiscal  year  1914  imports  had  been  04,000,000 
pounds  and  in  1918  only  8,500,000  pounds.  Of  the  1921  imports 
about  9,000,000  pounds  came  frcmi  Italy  and  2,000,000  pounds  each 
from  France  and  Switzerland.  During  1921  imports  increased  month 
by  month.     Consumers  were  eager  to  get  once  more  the  imported 


REPORT    ON    THE    EMERGENCY    TARIFF    ACT.  123 

European  product.  The  imported  commands  a  considerable  price' 
premium  over  the  comparable  domestic  types.  For  example,  im- 
ported Swiss  cheese  in  Auojust,  1921,  was  quoted  at  65  cents,  whole- 
sale in  New  York  City,  while  fancy,  domestic,  large-hole  Swiss  was 
quoted  at  57  cents.  Imported  Roquefort  sold  for  72  cents,  while 
domestic  brought  60  cents.  These  figures  indicate  the  preference  of 
the  consumer  for  imported  cheese. 

The  emergency  act  raised  the  duty  on  cheese  from  20  to  23  per  cent 
ad  valorem;  this  small  advance  had  no  perceptible  effect  in  slowing 
up  the  increase  in  imports  from  Europe.  A  recent  report  from  Eu- 
rope states  that  there  is  a  tendency  to  revert  to  conditions  under 
which  surplus  milk  is  converted  into  butter  and  cheese  rather  than 
into  condensed  milk.  The  continental  dairy  trade  possesses  a  valu- 
able good-will  asset  in  cheese.^  European  production  for  export  will 
therefore  be  likely  to  increase  gradually.  Our  imports  of  26,000.000 
pounds  in  1921,  although  large  as  compared  with  imports  in  war 
years,  was  only  40  per  cent  of  the  amount  which  came  in  during  1914. 

MILK. 

Under  the  tariff  act  of  1913  fresh  milk  was  granted  free  entry.  The 
emergency  tariff  restored  the  1909  rate  of  2  cents  per  gallon,  equiv- 
alent in  1921  to  about  8  per  cent  ad  valorem,  foreign  valuation. 
Market  milk  and  cream  consume  about  43  per  cent  of  the  production 
of  fluid  milk,  or  about  4,500,000,000  gallons,  but  because  of  their 
bulky  and  perishable  nature  foreign  commerce  has  been  confined  to 
a  border  trade  with  Canada.  The  tariff  problem  is  a  local  one,  con- 
fined largely  to  the  New  England  States.  With  the  expanding  de- 
mand for  market  milk  in  Boston  and  other  large  New  England  cities, 
the  territory  supplying  these  cities,  especially  Boston,  has  been  en- 
larged to  include  Vermont,  Maine,  eastern  New  York,  and  points  in 
Quebec  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  But  according  to  figures  com- 
piled by  the  Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  proportion  of  Boston's 
supply  of  milk  coming  from  Canada  is  very  small,  even  in  the  summer 
months,  the  period  of  largest  demand.  From  August  to  October, 
1919,  it  amounted  to  only  about  1  per  cent.  Prices  of  milk  in  Bos- 
ton are  generally  higher  than  in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  or  western 
cities,  but  restriction  of  imports  would  doubtless  not  greatly  affect 
prices  of  milk  in  New  England  because  of  the  small  proportion  that 
imports  have  constituted  of  the  whole  supply. 

Imports  of  milk  from  1910  until  the  enactment  of  the  emergency 
tariff. — It  is  only  in  recent  years  that  imports  of  milk  from  Canada 
have  been  at  all  important.  From  1909  to  1914,  under  the  duty  of  2 
cents  per  gallon,  imports  never  exceeded  215,000  gallons,  valued  at 
$29,000.  New  England  markets  had  not  expanded  to  the  point 
where  there  was  a  demand  for  milk  from  Canada.  The  balance  of 
duties  also  favored  the  importation  of  cream  rather  than  milk.  But 
under  free  trade,  from  1915,  to  1920,  imports  increased  until  in  the 
calendar  year  1919  they  amounted  to  2,753,000  gallons,  valued  at 
$739,000. 

I  Commerce  Reports,  Apr.  17, 1922. 


1'24  i;r.r"i;r  on    I'lii.   i..mi:k(;i;N(  n    iaiiii  !■    act. 

Taulk  XI. — Fresh  milk — Kxportt/roin  Canada  to  the  United  States.^ 


Moiilli. 


June 

July 

AURllSt 

Septonibcr 

«.  clotior 

Novon\l>or 

Ppcemlior 

Jaiiuarj- 

Kebniarj- 

Nine  months  ended  February 


Quantity. 

19'20  1921 


Oallont. 
155,235 
2»4,9e3 
133,717 
341,203 
106,045 
142, 105 
67,977 
» 68,502 
' 45, 120 


Oallont. 

166,787 
167,843 
116,895 
198,829 
47, 128 
125,845 
111,174 
'70,696 
'91,111 


1,244,987 


1,096,308 


Value. 


S39,305 
62.065 
Hn.2:>3 
t)9.31S 
33,283 
45,927 
24,062 
'21,057 
» 13,213 


344,483 


«36,243 
34,610 
24,429 
20,  l.-V? 
34,373 
2.S,024 
26,530 
•17,603 
» 22, 106 


244,077 


'Weekly  nulletin.  Commercial  Intelligence  Service,  Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce.  Canada, 
Canadi;iii  e\t)orts  are  given  since  import.s  of  fresh  milk,  by  montlis,  are  grouped  with  imports  of  cream  in 
the  I'nited  States. 

« 1921. 

'1922. 

Imports  of  miUc  under  the  emergency  tariff. — A  month  by  month  com- 
parison of  exports  of  milk  from  Canada  '  to  the  United  States  shows 
that  after  the  passage  of  the  emergency  act,  from  July  through 
November,  imports  decreased  as  compared  with  the  amounts  coming 
in  during  the  corresponding  months  in  1920.  During  the  nine 
months  June  1,  1921,  to  February,  1922,  1,096,308  gallons  came  in, 
compared  with  1,244,987  gallons  during  the  corresponding  nine 
months  of  the  previous  year  of  free  entry.  The  relatively  small 
duty  upon  milk  in  the  emergency  tariff,  therefore,  appears  to  have 
had  little  influence  in  retarding  imports.  Neither  is  it  likely  materi- 
ally to  have  affected  prices  because  of  the  very  small  place  imports 
have  in  New  England  s  supply. 

CREAM. 

In  the  act  of  1913,  cream  was  free  of  duty.  The  emergency  tariff 
restored  the  1909  rate  of  5  cents  per  gallon,  equivalent  to  about  4§ 
per  cent  ad  valorem  upon  imports  during  the  nine  months  ending 
February,  1922. 

As  in  the  case  of  milk,  the  trade  in  cream  has  been  a  local  one, 
largely  confined  to  the  New  England  States  whose  demand  is  increas- 
ingl}'  exceeding  the  local  production.  But  imported  cream  has  been 
a  much  more  important  factor  in  New  England's  supply  than  imports 
of  milk.  For  cream,  summer  is  the  season  of  greatest  consumption 
chiefly  because  of  the  demand  for  ice  cream.  During  the  summer, 
Boston  dealers  have  reached  out  farther  and  farther  for  their  sup- 
plies of  cream,  being  forced  to  do  so  by  the  expanding  demands  and 
the  increasing  specialization  in  market  milk  in  the  near-by  districts. 
From  August  to  October,  1919,  imported  cream  made  up  from  10 
to  18  per  cent  of  Boston's  total  supply.  Imports  have  consisted 
mostly  of  pasteurized  cream  for  the  Household  and  hotel  trade  and 
for  manufacture  into  ice  cream.  But  little  cream  has  been  imported 
for  manufacture  into  butter.  A  duty  high  enough  to  restrict  imports 
would  doubtless  be  reflected  in  an  increased  price  in  the  New  England 
States  because  of  their  considerable  place  in  the  supply. 

'U.S.  imports  are  not  separately  given  by  months. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


125 


Imports  of  cream  from  1910  until  the  enactment  of  the  emergency 
tariff. — Tn  contrast  to  the  trade  in  fresh  milk,  imports  of  cream  were 
rather  large  in  the  period  1909  to  1914,  The  duty  of  5  cents  per 
gallon  was  equal  to  about  6  per  cent  ad  valorem  and  was  not  high 
enough  to  discourage  imports.  They  ranged  from  700,000  to  2,300,000 
gallons  in  quantity  and  from  $585,000  to  SI, 875, 000  in  value.  The 
higher  unit  value  of  cream  made  it  a  more  economical  product  to 
ship  than  milk.  During  the  period  1917  through  1919,  imports  of 
cream  declined  even  though  they  were  free  of  duty.  This  was  prob- 
ably due  to  the  fact  that  cheese  and  butter  for  shipment  to  Europe 
at  war  prices  constituted  a  more  favorable  outlet  for  Canadian  milk 
than  the  American  cream  market.  But  in  1920  imports  again 
increased,  amounting  to  1,597,000  gallons,  valued  at  S2, 080, 000. 

Table  XII. — Cream— Exports  from  Canada  to  the  United  States.^ 


Month. 


June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

Kine  months  ended  February 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1920 

1921 

1920 

1921 

Gallom. 

Galhns. 

184,031 

202,488 

$279,412 

1306,218 

221,031 

184,621 

337,049 

271,424 

169,004 

190,518 

264,859 

296. 103 

194,166 

191,639 

297,757 

301.541 

144,425 

174,252 

227. 144 

262,778 

110,050 

121,611 

187,881 

186,012 

51,773 

87,546 

87,883 

127.353 

» 27,498 

3  222.094 

8  40,970 

3  317.732 

2  21,046 

3  46.8.50 

2  35.822 

» 60,077 

1,123,024 

1,421,619 

1,758,747 

2,129.238 

»  W  cekly  Bulletin,  Commercial  Intelligence  Service,  Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce,  Canada. 
» 1921. 
•  1922. 

Imports  of  cream  under  the  emergency  tariff. — Monthly  exports  of 
cream  from  Canada  to  the  United  States  after  the  passage  of  the 
emergency  act  were  almost  uniformly  larger  than  during  the  corre- 
sponding months  of  the  previous  year  of  free  entry.  During  the 
nine  months  ending  February,  1922,  they  amounted  to  1,421,619  as 
against  1,123,024  gallons  in  the  same  period  in  1920  and  1921, 
From  this  it  is  evident  that  the  emergency  duty  of  5  cents  per 
gallon  was  not  high  enough  to  discourage  imports.  On  the  con- 
trary, the  increase  in  imports  may  be  due  in  part  to  a  lack  of  balance 
between  the  duties  on  dairy  products  which  made  it  more  profitable 
for  importers  to  bring  in  cream  than  milk  or  butter. 

The  average  value  of  cream  imported  during  the  nine  months  was 
SI. 50  per  gallon,  and  of  milk  22  cents  per  gallon.  The  5-cent  per 
gallon  duty  on  cream  equals  about  3  per  cent  ad  valorem,  while  the 
2-cent  per  gallon  duty  on  milk  is  equivalent  to  about  9  per  cent. 
The  shipment  of  cream  is  evidently  favored  under  the  duties.  But 
the  possibility  that  there  may  have  been  some  shifting  from  milk  to 
cream  could  not  account  tor  any  large  part  of  the  increase  in  iniporls 
of  cream.  The  increase  amounted  to  298,595  gallons  (ecpiix  alent  to 
at  least  2,000,000  gallons  of  milk),  while  the  decrease  in  inii)or(s  of 
milk  amounted  to  only  148,679  gallons.  The  increases  in  (lie  duty 
on  butter  pro'oably  had  more  influence  in  increasing  the  imports  of 

508—22 9 


126 


KKi'Hirr  (IN    riiK  kmi'iuifai'v  takiim-  act 


cn^nni.  'riu>  (lutv  df  (>  ciMils  aiiKMiMtril  (o  al>(>ut  23  ]H'r('(Mi(  ;ul  \jilo- 
HMii.  Caiiadljui  exports  of  WuttiT  lo  (he  I'liilcd  vS(nt(>s  <l(>clinod 
from  t.M'.*-'. ()()()  |)oiiiuls  in  the  niiu>  moiidis  |)(>rio(l  (Mi(rni<j;  Fol)ruary, 
1'>_M,  (o 'J. !VJ1 ,()()()  pouiuls  (liirinj;  tlio  snm(>  period  in  the  foUowin*^ 
WAV.  'Phis  Mas  a  net  decreasi*  of  1,1 70, ()()()  pounds,  ecpiivahMit  to 
al)oui  ;ir>(), ()()()  ^aUons  of  ereani.  or  more  than  enoufjjh  to  aeeount  for 
tlie  inerease  in  exports  of  cr(>ain  to  the  Tnited  States  in  the  sjune 
period. 

But  most  of  the  Canadian  exports  of  hutler  lo  the  United  States 
were  diverted  to  other  markets  ratlier  than  converted  into  rream. 
The  decrease  in  Canachan  exports  of  butter  to  all  coimtries  during 
the  same  period  amounted  to  only  151, ()()()  pounds,  or  an  equivalent 
of  ;i7,000  gallons  of  cream.  In  short,  under  the  emergency  tarill", 
there  was  actually  an  increase  in  imports  of  cream,  a  i)art  of  which 
represented  substitution  for  imports  of  other  milk  ])roducts. 

PRESERVED  MILK. 


.Milk,  preserved  or  con- 
densed. 
!-  ugar  of  milk 


Emergency  tiuifl 
rate. 


2  cents  per  pound . 

Scents  per  pound. 


Scvinte  liill. 


1  cent  to  IJ  cents 

per  pound. 
50  per  cent  (Par. 

.505). 


Free. 
Free. 


Act  of  lOUit. 

2  cents  per  pound. 
5  cents  per  pound. 


MILK,    PRESERVED,    CONDENSED,    OR    STERILIZED. 

In  the  act  of  1909  milk,  preserved  or  condensed,  was  dutiable 
2  cents  per  pound.  This  duty,  which  was  removed  by  the  act 
1913,  was  restored  by  the  emergency  act. 

Table  XIII  affords  a  comparison  of  our  production  and  trade. 

Table  XIII. —  ifilk,  condensed  and  evaporated  or  siwilar — Summari/  table. 


at 
of 


Year. 

Production. 

Imports  for 
consumption. 

Domestic 
exports. 

1909              

Pounds. 

11)4,796,544 

873,410,504 

Pounds. 

254, 101 

14,950,973 

3,737,029 

33,613,389 

18,173,426 

18,350,416 

29,926,931 

'  16,509,^39 

123,755,780 

'8,667,626 

1  134,614 

Pnuruii. 
•:  1.3,311,318 

1911 

10,20!),  082 

1910-1914  (average) 

1.5,773,900 

1915              

37,235,627 

1916                   

992,364,000 
1,333,786,000 
1,675,934,000 
2,030,957,000 
1,560,000,000 

159,577,620 

1917      

259,141,231 

1918           

528, 7,59, 232 

1919                

852,  .865, 414 

1920     

414,250,021 

1921         

299, 124, 137 

1922  (4  months) 

90,413,872 

I  General  imports,  fresh  and  condensed. 

J  Figures  are  for  1910,  as  exports  were  not  separately  shown  prior  to  that  dale. 

In  condensed  and  evaporated  milk,  as  in  no  other  dairy  products 
the  United  States  is  markedly  on  an  exporting  basis.  Even  before 
the  v/ar,  there  was  a  slight  excess  of  exports  over  imports.  But  the 
war  period  saw  a  remarkable  development  in  our  production  and 
export  of  canned  milk.  The  reduction  in  European  dairy  herds  and 
the  disproportionate  decrease  in  the  supply  of  milk  due  to  the  lack  of 
imported  concentrates  resulted  in  a  marked  shortage  at  a  time  of 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF  ACT. 


127 


extraordinary  demand  to  supply  the  needs  of  the  armies  and  civilian 
populations.  There  was  an  additional  demand  for  sweetened  con- 
densed milk  owing;  to  the  difficulty  in  obtaining  sugar.  Stimulated 
by  the  enormous  European  demand  arising  out  of  these  conditions, 
our  exports  rose  to  unprecedented  figures,  reaching  the  peak  in  1919 
when  they  amounted  to  852,865,000  pounds  valued  at  $121,893,000. 
Production  increased  from  873,000,000  pounds  in  1914  to  over 
2,000,000,000  pounds  valued  at  nearly  $300,000,000  in  1919,  requiring 
nearly  600,000,000  gallons  of  milk.  In  order  to  produce  this  enor- 
mous quantity,  the  productive  capacity  of  the  domestic  condensaries 
had  to  be  greatl}^  increased.  Old  plants  were  enlarged  and  new 
plants  were  built.  But  in  1920,  with  the  falling  off  of  both  domestic 
and  foreign  demand,  production  declined  to  1,560,000,000  pounds. 
Many  plants  were  idle  and  there  wag  a  general  oversupply  of  pre- 
served milk. 

Table  XIV. — Milk  and  cream  condensed  and  evaporated — Exports  by  countries. 


Year.i 


Total. 


Cuba. 


Panama. 


'  Pounds. 

1910-1914  (averaged i  15, 773, 900 

1915 ; !  37, 235, 627 

1916 j  159, 577, 620 

1917 259, 141, 231 

1918 !  528, 759, 232 

1919 1  852, 865, 414 

1920 i  414, 250, 021 

1921 299, 124, 137 

1922  (4  months) 90, 413, 872 


Pounds. 
6, 233, 724 
8,391,430 
27,678,974 
30,723,758 
33,594,661 
33,461,993 
50,517,629 
33,312,658 
9,079,636 


Pounds. 

1,307,304 

1,3S9,399 

4,071,203 

6, 497, 772 

4,444,714 

3,599,564 

4,511,626 

5,075,132 

1,621,032 


Philip- 
pines. 


Pounds. 

2,281,793 

2,531,824 

2,587,328 

7, 729, 034 

11,566,748 

14,085,937 

12,480,463 

11,601,665 

2,406,135 


Russia 
(Asiatic). 


Pounds. 

1,181,990 

1,830,448 

511, 088 

734, 880 

19,062 

254,624 

52,346 

124,514 

(2) 


China. 


Pounds. 
808,079 
2,496,544 
3,079,288 
4,495,800 
3,666,776 
5,555,679 
4,493,158 
4,732,177 
1,222,352 


Year.' 

France . 

United 
Kingdom. 

Belgium. 

Netherlands. 

All  other.3 

1910-1914  (average) 

Pounds. 

491 

2,497 

4,353,071 

30, 263, 356 

74,859,652 

114,818,165 

58, 936. 867 

19,333,398 

658, 062 

Pounds. 

256, 877 

4,037,502 

85,058,739 

91, 330, 504 

248,221,794 

420,  928, 450 

124,658,560 

73, 735, 921 

6,675,441 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

90 
2, 565, 298 
2,374,184 

12, 850, 724 

Pounds. 
3, 703, 552 
10, 657, 768 
25,324,953 
49,361,432 

118,894,313 

1915 

3, 332, 917 

4, 538, 792 

25,153,971 

33,491,513 

61,596,636 

17,943,937 

8, 966, 801 

349, 710 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

11,821,267 
5,689,655 
6, 057, 501 
1,164,465 

186  743  099 

1920 

134, 965, 780 
136  184  370 

1921 

1922  (4  months) 

6?;  237^039 

1  Fiscal  yeirs,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1922. 
*  Not  separately  shown. 

'  In  recent  years  made  up  of  large  shipments  to  Germany,  Italy,  Poland,  South  American  and  Asiatic 
countries. 

Table  XV. — Milk  and  cream — Imports  by  countries. 
PRESERVED,  CONDENSED,  OR  STERILIZED. 


Calendar  year. 

Total. 

S.      F--e. 

Nether- 
lands. 

Switzer- 
land. 

United 
Kingdom. 

Canada. 

Other. 

1919 

Pounds. 
16, 509, 239 
23, 755, 780 

8,667,626 
134,614 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 
60 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

618 

15,377 

6,299 

Pounds. 
16,441,663 
17,290,119 

8,410,376 

Pounds. 
66,898 

1920 

14,011 

720 

5,792,698 
183, 640 

144 
9,645 

642,711 

1921 

1,198             369 

56.099 

1922  (4  months) 

128 


RErOHT    (IN    TMK    F.MKKCKXCV     TAKIKK    ACT. 


Taiu  k   XV. — Milk  and  creinn—Impnrls  by  cotoilries — Oontuuiod. 
FRKSH. 


Calendrtr  yenr. 

Total. 

Canada. 

Other. 

I9I9                                                      

Pounds. 
31,CS9,426 
35,413,226 
39,671,874 
0,858,967 

Pounds. 
31,6S9.420 
35.400,369 
39,660,052 

Pounds. 

1920  

12, 857 

1921        .            

11,825 

1922  (4  months)                     

Imports  of  condensed  milk. — Imports  from  1910  to  1914  under  the 
duty  of  2  cents  per  pound,  imposed  hy  the  act  of  1909,  averaged 
3,737,029  pounds.  But  after  they  were  made  free  in  1913,  imports 
ranged  from  14,950,973  pounds  to  33,613,389  pounds  during  the  pe- 
riod 1914-1920.  These  came  hirgely  from  Canada.  In  the  calendar 
year  1920,  out  of  23,756,000  pounds  imported,  17,290,000  pounds 
came  from  Canada  and  5,792,000  pounds  irom  the  Netherlands,  Ac- 
cording to  official  Canadian  figures,"  American  capital  represents  40 
per  cent  of  the  investment  in  the  Canadian  condensed  milk  indus- 
try. It  is  probable  that  a  large  portion  of  the  imports  from  Canada 
under  free  trade  were  shipments  from  American  branch  factories  in 
Canada  to  nearby  American  customers.  The  imports  from  Europe 
were  mostly  to  satisfy  special  demands  for  certain  European  brands 
of  milk. 

Table  XVI . — Milk  and  cream  preserved,  condensed,  or  sterilized— Imports  by  months. 


Month. 


January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October. .. 
November. 
December. 


1922 


Pounds. 


574, 763 
689,294 
250,926 
436,055 
702, 811 
196,279 
584, 718 
628, 895 
190,632 
560,298 
978,867 
962,242 


Pounds.  Pouvds. 

162,659  1,316 

1,600,135  5,000 

1,412,500  3,018 

1,152,509  125,280 

2,684,392    

354,681    

623,398    

594,007    

3,501    

34,963    

43,390    

1,491    


In  1921,  after  the  passage  of  the  emergency  tariff  imposing  a  duty 
of  2  cents  per  pound  on  condensed  milk,  imports  immediately  de- 
clined and  continued  to  do  so  until  in  December  only  1,491  pounds 
were  imported.  In  the  six  months  ended  December,  1921,  during 
which  the  emergency  tariff  was  in  effect,  1,655,000  pounds  were 
imported  as  compared  with  16,102,000  pounds  during  the  corre- 
sponding period  in  1920.  While  the  reduction  may  have  been  due  to 
some  extent  to  the  domestic  surplus,  it  is  apparent  that  the  rate  of 
2  cents  per  pound  has  been  effective  in  discouraging  the  shipment 
of  condensed  milk  from  Canada  and  thereby  in  greatly  reducing 
imports.  But  it  is  doubtful  if  this  reduction  has  had  any  appreci- 
able effect  on  the  domestic  industry  because  of  the  smallness  of  the 
imports  as  compared  with  production  and  exports.     Even  in  1920, 

'  Canada  has  a  Field  for  British  Branch  Industries,  Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce,  Canada. 
1022,  p.  122. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


129 


when  imports  amounted  to  22,903,000  pounds,  they  were  only  H  per 
cent  of  domestic  production  and  5^  per  cent  of  our  exports.  The 
effect  of  these  relatively  small  imports  was  further  decreased  because 
of  the  fact  that  they  were  distributed  fairly  evenly  between  a  number 
of  ports.  The  imports  were  apparently  largely  of  the  nature  of  a 
border  trade.  Of  the  total  imports  in  1920,  31  per  cent  came  in  at 
Buffalo,  25  per  cent  at  New  York,  15  per  cent  across  the  Vermont 
border,  12  per  cent  over  the  St.  Lawrence  border,  and  6  per  cent 
into  Michigan. 

TOBACCO. 


Article. 

Emergency 
tariff  rate. 

Senate  bill. 

Act  of  1913. 

Act  of  1909. 

Wrapper  tobacco: 

Uustemmed 

Stemmed 

$2.35  per  pound... 
$3  per  pound 

35  cents  per  pound. 
X  cents  per  pound. 

$2.35  per  pound . . . 
$3  per  pound 

35  cents  per  pound. 
50  cents  per  pound. 

$1.85  per  pound... 
$2.50  per  pound... 

35  cents  per  pound. 
50  cents  per  pound. 

$1.85  per  pound. 
$2.50  per  pound. 

35  cents  per  pound. 
50  cents  per  pound. 

Filler  tobacco,  n.  s.  p.  f.: 
Unstemmed 

WRAPPER   TOBACCO. 

Under  the  tariff  acts  of  1909  and  1913  the  duty  upon  wrapper 
tobacco,  unstemmed,  was  $1.85  per  pound,  or  an  average  of  142 
per  cent  ad  valorem  (foreign  valuation).  The  emergency  tariff 
raised  the  rate  to  $2.35  per  pound,  which  was  about  132  per  cent 
of  the  higher  foreign  values  then  prevailing. 

Although  the  United  States  is  by  far  the  world's  largest  producer 
and  exporter  of  tobacco,  it  is  largely  dependent  upon  foreign  sources 
of  supply  for  two  kinds:  Turkish  cigarette  and  cigar  wrapper  leaf. 
The  importance  of  the  supply  of  wrapper  tobacco  to  the  cigar  industry 
arises  from  the  fact  that  the  wrapper  leaf  determines  to  a  large  extent 
the  appearance  and  therefore  the  saleability  of  the  cigar.  Thus  the 
discriminating  demand  for  cigar  wrappers  of  required  size,  smooth- 
ness, and  color;  and  the  shortage  of  such  tobacco  has  been  reflected 
in  a  higher  average  price  for  all  wrapper  tobacco  than  for  other 
domestic  leaf;  and  especially  high  prices  for  the  select  grades. 
Roughly,  about  60  per  cent  of  the  requirements  of  cigar  wrapper  are 
produced  in  the  United  States,  while  around  40  per  cent  comes  from 
the  Dutch  East  Indies,  Cuba,  and  other  foreign  sources. 


130 


HF.roHT    ON    THK    HMKIUiKNCY    TAKIFF    ACT. 


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REPORT    ON    THE    EMERGEXCY    TARIFF    AC^T.  131 

Domestic  production  of  wrappn-  tobacco. — Of  the  1,118,000,000 
pounds,^  the  total  amount  of  tobacco  grown  m  the  United  States  in 
1921,  217,000,000  pounds  or  about  20  per  cent  were  of  cigar  types. 
The  bulk  of  these  cigar  types  consisted  of  filler  and  binder  grades. 
No  figures  are  available  as  to  the  actual  amount  of  wrapper  tobacco 
produced  and  only  a  rough  estimate  can  be  made  as  to  the  proportion 
it  makes  up  of  all  cigar  leaf.      This  varies  w*ith  the  seasons.      The 

g -owing  of  \\Tapper  is  for  the  most  part  confined   to  Connecticut, 
eorgia,  and  Florida. 

The  production  of  '■shade-gro%vn"'  \\Tapper,  i.  e.,  the  growing  of 
wrapper  from  Cuban  seed  under  cloth  shade,  has  been  developed  to 
such  a  large  extent  in  Connecticut  and  in  Georgia  and  Florida  that  it 
makes  up  the  larger  proportion  of  domestic  production  of  ^v^apper 
tobacco.  It  is  a  very  expensive  method  of  production,  involving 
heavy  expenditure  for  labor,  cloth,  and  fertilizers.  Other  types 
knoAvn  as  "sun  wTapper,"  ''broadleaf  WTapper"  and  'Havana  seed 
wrapper"  are  grown  in  the  Connecticut  valley  and  to  a  limited  extent 
in  other  sections.  Even  in  a  favorable  season,  the  larger  part  of 
these  types  is  of  binder  and  filler  grades.  The  annual  production  of 
domestic  shade  grown  tobacco  may  be  estimated  as  between  6,000,000 
and  8,000,000  pounds,  while  an  estimate  based  on  such  evidence  as 
is  available  for  the  total  domestic  production  of  all  kinds  of  wrapper 
tobacco  would  place  it  at  between  10,000,000  and  12,000,000  pounds. 
This  estimate  takes  into  consideration  the  amount  of  tobacco  used 
in  domestic  cigar  manufacture,  the  proportion  of  WTapper  tobacco 
used,  and  the  amount  of  the  imports. 

Imports  of  wrapper  tobacco  from  Sumatra  in  1920  amounted  to 
6,900,000  pounds  but  because  of  its  covering  capacity,  Sumatra  is 
used  to  wi-ap  a  larger  proportion  of  the  cigars  manufactured  than  a 
comparison  of  figures  of  imports  with  estimates  of  domestic  produc- 
tion would  indicate.  It  is  estimated  that  about  2  pounds  of/Sumatra 
tobacco,  or  2  pounds  of  Florida  and  Georgia  tobacco,  or  4  to  10 
pounds  of  Connecticut  tobacco  are  rec|uired  to  wrap  1,000  cigars. 
Thus  in  1920,  Sumatra  tobacco  was  used  to  cover  about  43  per  cent 
of  the  domestic  production  of  cigars.  The  marked  difference  in 
wrapping  capacity  of  the  different  types  of  wrapper  tobacco  should 
be  taken  into  consideration  both  in  comparing  the  importance  of  the 
different  tobaccos  to  the  cigar  industry  and  also  in  comparing  the 
prices  of  the  different  tobaccos. 

Uses  of  imported  and  domestic  wrapper  tobaccos. — Sumatra  leaf 
possesses  in  generous  measure  the  characteristics  which  make  it 
desirable  as  wrapper  tobacco.  It  is  noted  for  its  light  color,  smooth- 
ness, thinness,  good  burning  qualities,  and  lack  of  objectionable  taste. 
The  thinness  oi  the  leaf  gives  it  a  large  wrapping  capacity.  Sumatra 
wrapper  is  used  in  many  different  combinations  with  other  tobaccos 
in  making  cigars.  The  bulk  of  the  Sumatra  wrapped  cigars  (Contains 
domestic  filler  and  binder  tobaccos  from  Now  England,  Wisconsin,  and 
Ohio,  with  some  small  quantities  from  Pennsylvania  and  New  York. 
Some  contain  imported  Cuban  filler  and  other  brands  an^  made  up  of 
blends  of  imported  and  domestic  filler.  vSumatra  tobacco  is  thus  used 
in  low  and  medium  priced  cigars,  the  price  of  which  rMng(>s  from  7 
cents  up  to  25  cents.     Connecticut  shade  and  sun  grown  wrappers 

'  In  the  last  decade,  exports  of  leaf  tobacco  have  ranged  from  250,000,000  pounds  to  776,000,000  pounds,  but 
only  a  small  part,  has  been  wrapper  tobacco. 


132 


KKPdirr   (^X    THK   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


niul  (ioort;ia  aiul  Florida  wrnpjxM-s  nro  also  used  in  various  combina- 
tions with  (loniostic  and  imported  lillrrs  acrordino;  to  tho  brand  of  the 
fiij^ar.  riu>  (irorj^ia  and  Florida  wrap))ors  como  nearest  to  resembling 
the  imported  Sumatra.  Producers  of  Ccmneclicut  shade-grown  wrap- 
per tobacco  have  built  U|)  a  specialized  demand  for  it  for  use  in  high- 
priced  cigars  containing  imported  Havana  filler.  The  best  grades  for 
this  use  bring  jirices  just  under  those  of  good  Havana  wrapper.  The 
relatively  small  (piantities  of  imported  Havana  WTapper  are  used 
only  in  "clear"  or  all-Havana  cigars. 

When  a  manufacturer  sets  out  to  create  a  popular  ])rand  of  cigars 
he  makes  a  selection  of  the  kind  of  tobacco  he  wants  for  his  wrapper, 
binder,  and  (illi'r.  Then  bv  the  expenditure  of  considerable  sums  for 
advertising  he  introduces  this  brand  on  the  market  and  the  consumer 
of  his  cigar  acquires  the  habit  of  looking  for  the  particular  combina- 
tion of  tobaccos  that  make  up  the  brand.  The  ^^Tapper  is  particu- 
larly important  because  it  is  that  \vhich  determines  the  appearance  of 
the  cigar.  If  that  brand  has  met  popular  favor,  a  variation  in  the  blend 
may  destroy  the  trade  therein.  It  is  only  on  the  rarest  occasions 
that  this  has  been  successfully  done.  This  great  reluctance  on  the 
part  of  cio;ar  manufacturers  to  jeopardise  their  brands  by  substitu- 
tion of  a  different  kind  of  tobacco  necessarily  limits  the  efi'ectiveness 
of  import  duties  in  causing  a  substitution  of  domestic  for  Sumatra 
^^Tappe^.  Each  type  has  distinct  characteristics.  The  manufacturer, 
moreover,  must  assure  himself  of  a  continuous  and  adequate  supply, 
uniform  in  quality,  of  the  requisite  tobaccos,  in  order  to  maintain  his 
blends.  The  Sumatra  tobacco  is  comparatively  uniform  in  quality 
and  quantity.  Thus  a  sudden  change  in  the  price  of  one  type  of 
tobacco,  caused  lor  example  by  an  increase  of  duties,  might  not  for 
some  time  be  completely  reflected  in  an  increased  demand  for  the 
relatively  lower  priced  leaf.  But  of  course  in  establishing  new 
brands,  the  manufacturer  would  take  into  consideration  the  new 
price  relations  between  the  different  types  of  tobacco. 

Table  II. — Wrapper  tobacco,  unstemmed — Imports  for  consumption  {except  from  Cuba). 


Year. 


Rate  of  duty. 


llscal  year: 

1910 $1.85  per  pound . . 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
-do. 
-do. 
-do. 
.do. 


1911. 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 ,. 

1918 

Calendar  year: 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

1921,  lirst  quarter do 

1 921 ,  second  quarter do 

Do S2.3o  per  pound . . 

1921,  third  quarter do 

1921,  fourth  quarter do 

1922,  first  quarter do 


.do. 
-do. 
.do. 
.do- 


Quantity. 


Poundi. 

5,4.56,891 

5,719,591 

5,310,808 

5,477,786 

5,153,356 

5, 142, 662 

5, 139, 562 

.5,569,083 

4,114,532 

4,054,658 

4, 760, 897 

6,893,811 

8,917,189 

2, 524, 710 

5, 660, 701 

15,274 

288, 675 

487, 829 

687, 987 


I  Value 
i     per 
Value.       unit  o( 
i  quan- 
1    tlty 


«5, 841, 571  I  J1.07 

6,041,727  1  1.06 

5,879,580  1.11 

6,892,335  1.26 

6,940,399  I  l.,35 

6,772,652  i  1.31 

6,454,110  1.25 

7,685,067  I  1.37 

5,566,241  I  1.35 

.5,608,674  1.38 

7,178,281  1.51 

10,926,813  !        1.59 

16,381,980  1        1.84 

4,728,139   

10,244,722    

29,026    

39.1,303    

984,790   

1,4^,506   


EEPORT   OX    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


133 


Table  IIa. — Wrapper  tobacco,  unstemmed — Imports  for  consumption  (fromCuba). 


Period. 


Rale  of  duty. 


Fiscal  year: 
1910.... 


1011 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916.. 

1917 

1918 

Calendar  year: 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

1921,  first  quarter... 
1921,  second  quarter. 

Do 


$1.85  per  pound  less  20 
per  cent. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


1921,  third  quarter. 
Do 


1921,  fourth  quarter. 

1922,  first  quarter... 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
-do. 


$2.35  per  pound  less  20 

per  cent. 

Old  rate 

S2.35  per  pound  less  20 

percent. 

do 

do 


Imports  of  wrapper  tohacco  since  1913. — Virtually  all  of  the  imported 
wrapper  is  brought  in  "unstemmed."  Fully  95  per  cent  of  our  im- 
ports of  such  leaf  have  ordinarily  come  from  the  Dutch  East  Indies. 
Small  amounts  of  Cuban  wrapper  have  come  in  for  the  manufacture 
of  clear  Havana  cigars,  and  some  duty-free  Philippine  leaf  has  been 
imported;  scattering  amounts  have  also  come  from  other  countries. 

During  the  period  1910  to  1917,  the  imports  for  consumption  of 
unstemmed  wrapper  were  fairly  uniform  in  amount  from  year 
to  year  ranging  between  5,000,000  and  6,000.000  pounds.  In  1918 
and  1919,  because  of  shipping  difficulties  caused  by  the  war,  con- 
siderably less  than  the  usual  amounts  were  imported,  but  large  in- 
creases in  1920  and  1921  more  than  made  up  for  the  deficit  in  the 
two  previous  years.  Average  foreign  values  during  the  period  1919- 
1921  were  greater  than  ever  before.  They  ranged  from  SI. 51  to  $1.84 
per  pound,  as  against  $1.07  to  $1.35  in  the  period  1910-1914.  Ordi- 
narily the  wrapper  from  the  Dutch  East  Indies  is  handled  through 
the  Netherlands.  Dutch  merchants  furnish  the  capital  for  the  to- 
bacco plantations  in  Sumatra  and  Java  and  the  business  of  the  islands 
is  tied  up  with  the  homeland.  In  the  spring  and  early  summer, 
tobacco  "inscriptions"  are  held  in  Amsterdam  and  Rotterdam, 
where  the  East  Indian  tobacco  is  auctioned  off  to  merchants  from 
America  and  Europe.  Large  amounts  are  held  in  storage  in  the 
Netherlands,  after  sale,  because  of  the  good  and  cheap  warehouse 
facilities  and  favorable  climatic  conditions.  Only  the  l)est  of  the 
tobacco,  the  first  few  counts,  is  suitable  for  the  demands  of  the 
American  cigar  industry.  In  1918  it  was  impossible  to  ship  the  to- 
bacco to  the  Netherlands,  so  that  practically  all  imports  came 
directly  from  the  islands.  This  was  true  also  in  1919,  but  in  1920 
and  1921  the  trade  largely  reverted  to  the  old  route. 

Imports  in  1921. — -The  trade  practice  of  leaving  considerable  cjuan- 
tities  of  Sumatra  wrapper  tobacco  in  bonded  warehouses,  until  re- 
quired for  use,  played  an  important  part  in  imports  during  1921. 


i:u 


IJKPOHT    ON     rilK    KMKKCKNl'V    TAIUKK    ACT. 


Durinj»  llie  first  two  quarters,  beforr  (lu>  passage  of  (he  emergency 
act  increasing  tlie  duty  ou  unRteninied  wraj)|)er  tobacco  from  SI. 85 
to  S-'.o")  per  pound,  imports  for  consum|)t ion,  inchiding  witlidrawals 
from  bond,  amounted  to  S,  17."), ()()()  pounds.  'IMiis  was  about  2,500,000 
pounds  more  than  (he  normal  annual  imj)orts  in  the  period  1910  to 
1017.  After  May  2S.  oidy  7;^2, ()()()  jxnmds  paid  duy.  In  otber 
words,  92  per  cent  of  the  imports  in  1921  were  withdrawn  at  the 
lower  rate  of  duty.  In  like  manner,  91 ,000  pounds  out  of  the  1 1 9,000 
pounds  imported  from  C^uba  in  1921  came  in  during  the  lirst  five 
months  at  the  old  rate. 

Because  of  the  heavy  withdrawals  before  May  29,  the  cigar  industry 
had  practically  a  year's  sui)ply  of  wrapj)er  imported  at  the  old  rate. 
Large  mainifacturers  stocked  up  while  the  smaller  mainifacturer;- 
bougiit  from  dealers  who  had  withdrawn  the  tobacco  at  the  old 
rate.  Also,  the  very  fact  that  the  enu>ro;ency  act  was  frankly-  a  tem- 
porary measure  tended  to  lessen  its  eflect.  After  the  heavy  witli- 
drawals in  the  early  summer,  duty  was  paid  on  very  little  and  im- 
ports kept  piling  up  in  bonded  warehouses.  On  Februarv  28,  1922, 
2,591.000  pounds,  valued  at  .16,494,000,  wxre  being  so  held,  in 
anticipation  of  the  permanent  rate.  Undoubtedly  withdrawals  will 
be  much  freer  as  soon  as  the  permanent  rate  is  enacted.  Moreover, 
it  was  to  be  expected  that  whatever  small  effect  the  increase  in  duty 
had  in  keeping  up  the  price  of  Sumatra  would  not  be  largely  reflected 
in  the  j) rices  of  domestic  wrapper  because  of  the  lack  of  ready  sub- 
stitution between  types  in  particular  brands  of  cigars.  If  the 
adjustment  of  prices  between  the  different  types  of  tobacco  were  un- 
balanced b}'  the  increase  in  duty,  adjustment  to  the  new  basis  would 
await  the  comparatively  slow  process  of  the  development  of  new 
brands  of  clears. 


Table  III. — Dealers'  representative  prict  per  pound  of  imported  (in  bond)  art^  donun' 
wrapper  tobacco  before  and  since  the  passage  of  the  emergency  tariff  act,  May  21 ,  199A . 


Ctrade. 

Before. 

Since. 

Java- 
Finest  

$2.50 
1.75 

4.00 
2.25 

i.on-  i.i)0 

3. 00-  3.25 

.85-    .90 
.90-  1.00 
M.--.-  1.25 

$2.50 

V  iddio 

1.7.5" 

Poorer 

1.00-  1.25 

Sumatra- 
Finest  

■1.25 

Middle  (S-cent  eiear) 

2.50 

Poorer  (5-ccnt  ciear) 

1.00-  1.50 

2.2.5-  2.50 

Connectient  broadleaf,  No.  1: 

191S 

1919 

1920 

1921 

.95-  1.00' 

Connecticut  broadleaf,  No.  2: 

1918 

.85- 
.70- 
.ft.'v- 

.70 
.75 
1.00 

1919..' 

1920 

1921 

.85-    -90 

Connecticut  Havanna  .seed,  No.  1: 

1918 

.80- 
.90- 

.85 
.95 

.95 

.HO 
.70 
.70 

1919 

1920 

1921 

.95 

1922 

.95 

<  onnccticut  Havanna  seed.  No.  2: 

1918 

.65- 

1919 

1920 

1921 

.75 

1922 

:;::::::::::;?:: 

.(ti 

REPORT    ON    THE    EMERGENCY    TARIFF    ACT. 


135 


Table  III. — Dealers'  representative  price  per  pound  of  imported  (in  bond)  and  domes- 
tic wrapper  tobacco,  before  and  since  the  pismrje  of  the  emergency  tariff  act,  May  27, 
1921 — Continued. 


Grade. 

Before. 

Since. 

Connecticut  shade  grown,  No.  1: 

1918 

4.00 
4.20 
4.50 

1919 

1920 

1921 

5.  CKV-  5  25 

1922 

4.50 

Tonne cticut  shade  grown,  No.  2: 

1918 

3.Q0 
3.00 
3.50 

1919 

-   1920 

1921 

4.0O-  4.25 

1922 

3.00 

Wrapper  tobacco  is  ordinarily  dealt  in  in  large  lots  at  irregular 
intervals.  A  year's  supply  is  often  bought  at  one  sale  or  inscription. 
There  are  considerable  differences  between  grades  and  lots  and  each 
dealer  or  manufacturer  endeavors  to  buy  the  particular  tobacco  that 
suits  his  requirements.  Consequently  no  regular  published  prices 
are  available,  and  only  the  most  general  information  on  prices  can 
be  obtained.  Table  3  gives  prices  of  domestic  and  imported  wrapper 
tobacco  before  and  since  the  passage  of  the  emergency  act.  These 
prices  have  been  obtained  from  leading  dealers  and  are  considered  to 
be  representative.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  after  the  passage  of  the 
emergency  act  there  was  a  decline  in  prices  of  domestic  wrapper. 
The  hnest  grade  Florida  and  Georgia  declined  from  a  range  of  $3- 
S3.25  to  a  range  of  $2.25-S2.50.  The  best  grade  of  Connecticut  shade 
grown  declined  from  |5-$5.25  to  14.50.  These  declines  were  part 
of  the  general  price  recession  and  were  a  movement  toward  more 
normal  levels.  That  they  were  not  affected  by  the  tariff  is  due  to 
the  factors  already  described,  especially  the  importation  of  more 
than  a  normal  year's  supply  of  wrapper  in  1921  at  the  old  rate.  It 
is  important  to  note,  further,  that  during  this  period  the  price  of 
Sumatra  wrapper  in  bond  increased,  the  best  grades  moving  from  $4 
to  $4.20  per  pound.  This  shows  the  lack  of  immediate  connection 
between  the  prices  of  the  imported  and  domestic  tobacco. 

To  sum  up,  the  effect  of  the  emergency  tariff  upon  the  domestic 
cigar  and  tobacco  growing  industries  was  small  owing  primarily  to 
the  large  imports  that  came  in  before  the  increased  duty  was  in 
force  and  also  to  the  lack  of  ready  substitution  between  types  of 
tobacco.  Domestic  prices,  instead  of  increasing  under  the  influence 
of  restriction  of  imports,  actually  decreased  under  the  pressure  of 
domestic  market  conditions. 

APPLES. 


Article. 

Emergency  tariff 
rate. 

Senate  bill. 

Act  of  1913. 

Act  of  1909.* 

■ 

Apples 

30  cents  per  bushel 
(green  or  ripe) . 

30  cents  per  bushel 
(green  or  ripe). 

10  cents  per  iHishel. 

25  wntsiKT  liiishcl. 

136 


ItKPOKT    ON    THE    KMHIUJKNCIY    TARIFF    \V,T. 


l^ndiM-  (lu>  tMiuMi^tMicy  tarilF  the  dutv  on  apples  was  increased  from 
10  cents  (o  ;U)  cents  per  busliel.  The  United  States  produces  far 
more  apples  than  any  other  country,  and  is  the  largest  exporter, 
both  of  green  or  ripe  and  dried  a])ples.  The  total  crop  of  1920,  tlie 
largest  on  recortl.  amounted  to  22:^,677, 000  i)ushels  of  which  only 
101,715.000  bushels,  or  45  j)er  cent,  comjirised  the  commercial  crop. 
The  farm  value  of  this  commercial  crop  was  8126,800,000.  In  1921 
frosts  and  adverse  weather  conditions  caused  a  reckiction  in  the 
total  production  to  96.881,000  bushels,  and  tlie  commercial  produc- 
tion to  1)0,294,000  bushels,  valued  at  §93,008,000.  Apples  are  grown 
in  nearly  every  State.  The  largest  producing  sections,  however,  are 
New  York  State,  the  Pacific  Northwest,  Virginia  and  Maryland,  Mis- 
souri, Michigan,  and  New  England. 

A  general  view  of  the  trade  in  apples  is  given  in  Table  I. 

Table  I. — Apples — Summary  table. 


Production. 

Imports  for 
consumption. 

Year.' 

Total  farm 
crop. 

Commercial 
crop.* 

Exports. 

191ft-1914  (average) 

Bushels. 
197, 89S,  000 
230,011,000 
193,90,5,000 
166, 749, 000 
169.625,000 
142, 086, 000 
22.3,677.000 

96,8S1,000 

Bushels. 

Bushels. 

41,911 

66, 865 

14,761 

18,144 

44,866 

464, 528 

381, 555 

1, 191, 199 

Bushels. 
4,653,7.59 
7, 0.54,  ,503 
4, 39S,  963 

1915.. 

78.450,000 
80,241,000 
67,023,000 
74,2-29,000 
78,477,000 
101,71,5,003 
60,294,000 

1916 

1917 

5, 219, 991 

1918 

1,906,227 

1919.... 

5  137  101 

1920 

5,393,133 
5,808,672 

1921 

>  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 
*  One  barrel  is  equivalent  to  three  bushels. 

The  large  increase  in  domestic  imports  of  apples  in  1921,  despite 
the  higher  tariff,  was  due  to  the  almost  total  failure  of  the  apple  crop 
in  the  eastern  United  States  that  year. 

The  following  tables,  taken  from  official  Canadian  reports,  show  by 
years  and  by  months  the  export  and  import  trade  in  apples  between 
Canada  and  the  United  States. 

Table  II. — Apples — Canadian  imports  from  and  exports  to  the  United  States.' 


Fiscal  year  ended  Mar. 
31— 

Exports 

from 

Canada  to 

United 

States. 

Imports 

into  Canada 

from 

United 

states. 

Fiscal  year  ended  -Mar. 
31— 

Exports 

•     from 

Canada  to 
United 
States. 

Imports 

into  Canada 

from 

United 

States. 

1915                                  .   .. 

Barrels. 

27,  .530 
6,413 
8,5.54 

15,807 

Barrels, 
269,305 
274, 966 
277,951 
426.229 

1919                           

Barrels. 

23, 680 

236, 000 

48, 107 

486,445 

Barrels. 
281,316 

1916 

1920 

145,086 

1917 

1921 

273,319 

191i 

1922 

110,702 

>  Annual  Reports  of  the  Trade  of  Canada,  Dominion  of  Canada,  Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 


REPORT   ON    THE    EMERGENCY    TARIFF    ACT. 
Table  III. — Apples — Canadian  exports  to  the  United  States. 


137 


Month. 


January... 
February. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 


1920 


Bushels. 
65, 127 
30, 588 
124, 896 
61,797 
6,456  I 


1921 


Bushels. 

2,664 

1,998 

1,026 

96 

417 

156 


948         49,164 


1922 


Bushels. 

15, 597 

378 

2,463 

3 

3 


Month. 


September. 

October 

November. 
December.. 


1920 


1921 


Bushels. 

39,057 

12,363 

14,424 

3,582 


Bushels. 
229, 572 
771, 174 
341, 184 
49,125 


Bushels. 


Total I    359,244    1,446,585 


18, 444 


» Canadian  Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 

The  exports  of  green  apples,  given  in  total  m  Table  I,  go  mainly  to 
the  United  Kingdom,  Canada,  Norway,  and  Sweden.  Exports  to 
Canada  reached  the  highest  mark  in  1918  when  a  total  of  457,948 
barrels  were  exported.  For  the  calendar  year  1920  exports  to  Can- 
ada amounted  to  274,358  barrels,  valued  at  $1,527,408.  In  1921  ex- 
ports to  Canada  were  166,410  barrels  valued  at  S777,290.  Cana- 
dian apples,  particularly  fall  apples,  are  from  10  days  to  2  weeks 
later  than  American  apples  grown  south  of  the  border,  and  consider- 
ably later  than  apples  grown  farther  south.  It  is  this  situation 
together  with  a  certain  amount  of  border  trade  in  the  vicinity  of 
American  producing  sections  that  accounts  for  the  rather  large 
exports  to  Canada.  In  addition  to  the  exports  cf  green  apples  there 
are  considerable  exports  of  dried  or  evaporated  apples  from  this 
country— 8,827,806  pounds  in  1920  and  19,962,306  pounds  in  1921. 

Canada  produced  3,334,660  barrels  of  apples  in  1919,  valued  at 
$24,396,210.  About  half  of  the  crop  was  produced  in  Nova  Scotia 
and  the  remainder  almost  entirely  in  Ontario  and  British  Columbia. 

Table  IV. — Apples — Average  monthly  price  per  bushel  received  by  producers. 


Date. 

1920 

1921 

1922 

Date. 

1920 

1921 

1922 

Jan. 1..                   .    

$2.14 
2.15 
2.32 
2.60 
2.86 
2.97 

$1.19 
1.28 
1.31 
1.34 
1.42 
1.69 

$1.81 
1.82 
1.97 
1.99 
2.09 
2.13 

July  1 

$2.81 
1.98 
1.37 
1.33 
3.30 
1.15 

$1.72 
1.71 
1.64 
1.87 
2.14 
1.84 

Feb.  1.... 

.\ug.  1 

Mar.  1 

Hcpt.  1 

Apr.  1 .     .. 

Oct.  1 

May  1 

Nov.  1 

Dec.  1 

The  above  table  indicates  that  for  the  first  three  months  after  the 
emergency  tariff  was  in  cflect  prices  were  considerably  loelow  the 
level  of  the  corresponding  period  in  1920.  This  was  in  line  with  the 
condition  of  general  receding  prices  on  all  commodities.  After  three 
months  there  was  an  improvement  in  prices  over  the  preceding  year, 
owing  to  the  fact,  as  stated  above,  that  the  domestic  supply  was  fnr 
below  normal  and  the  great  eastern  consuming  markets  were  ()l)ligo(I 
to  import  apples  from  Canada  under  an  increased  rate  of  (hity. 


138  KKPoiM"  ON    iMiK  i:.mi:iu;kn('V    r.\i;iri'  act. 

CHERRIES. 


\rlirl,'. 

KincrRoncv  lariir 

lU't. 

S,-iiul..  hill. 

All  o(  HIIS. 

Act  of  190S). 

Chorrio.-i,   n>\v   <ir  pn'- 

;'  (iMits  per  pounil. 

scned. 
Raw 

2  cents  por  pound. 

lOcoiUspcrbushol. 
Free     

25eonlsper  biislioi. 
Free. 

40  per  I'pnl 

20  per  com 

1  cent  per  pound 
pins  35  per  cent. 

CluM-rics  ill  brino,  the  only  form  in  which  :^iil)stanti)il  nuantitics  are 
iniportod.  wtMV  free  of  duty  under  the  acts  of  1909  and  1913.  The 
emergency  tarilf  imposed  a  duty  of  ,">  cents  per  pound.  The  fresh 
cherry,  because  of  its  limited  keeping  quality,  is  a  negligible  item  in 
the  import  trade  and  may  be  disregarded  for  present  purposes. 

Production  of  cherries  in  the  United  States,  while  extensive  for 
home  use,  is  restricted  commercially  to  a  few  sections.  The  sour 
cherry,  the  hardier  variety,  is  more  largely  groA\m.  Commercial  pro- 
duction of  cherries  is  now  chiefly  in  New  York,  Ohio,  Michigan,  Wis- 
consin, Colorado,  and  the  Pacific  Coast  States.  In  the  Pacific  States 
the  crop  is  mostly  sweet;  elsewhere  mainly  sour.  In  1919  the  do- 
mestic production  of  cherries  was  3,945,749  bushels,  valued  at 
$14,166,170.  The  crop  in  1909  was  4,126,099  bushels.  Nearly  all 
of  the  domestic  crop  is  used  as  fresh  fruit  or  for  canning. 

The  production  of  canned  cherries  in  1919  was  1,362,832  cases, 
valued  at  $8,451,029;  in  1914  production  was  543,213  cases,  valued  at 
$1,628,975.  (A  case  of  canned  cherries  consists  of  24  No.  2  cans,  the 
average  weight  of  contents  being  about  31  pounds.) 

Under  the  emergency  tariff  act,  from  May  28,  1921  to  March  31, 
1922,  5,519,588  pounds  of  cherries,  valued  at  .$777,347,  were  entered 
for  consumption.  These  imports  consist  almost  exclusively  of  cher- 
ries in  brine.  It  is  not  possible  to  compare  these  figures  with  a 
preceding  period  because  cherries  in  brine  were  formerly  grouped 
with  other  fruits  in  brine,  all  free  of  duty.  The  imported  cherries  in 
brine  are  of  the  sweet  type;  in  the  manufacturing  process  the  brine  is 
removed,  the  fruit  dyed  a  brilliant  red,  and  used  for  glace  cherries, 
cocktail  and  maraschino  cherries.  Under  a  court  decision  only  raw 
cherries  are  included  under  the  emergency  tariff. 

Because  of  the  lack  of  comparable  statistics  it  is  impossible  to  de- 
termine the  effect  of  the  emergency  tariff. 

OLIVES. 


Article. 


Olives: 

In  solutions . 


Not  in  solutions 


Pitted  or  stuffed. 
Dried  ripe 


Emergency  tariff 
rate. 


25  cents  per  gallon. 
3  cents  per  pound . 


Senate  bill. 


20  cents  per  gallon. 


80  cents  per  gallon. 
4  cents  per  pound. 


15  cents  per  gallon. 


Act  of  1909. 


25  cents  per  gallon, 
containing  less 
than  5  gallon. 

15  cents  per  gallon 
— all  other. 


REPORT   ON    THE   EMERGENCY   TARIFF   ACT. 


139 


The  emergency  tariff  act  increased  the  rate  on  olives  from  15  cents 
per  gallon  to  25  cents  per  gallon  when  in  solution  (in  brine)  and 
3  cents  per  pound  when  not  in  solution  (dried  ripe  olives) . 

Imports  lor  consumption  of  olives  in  brine  during  the  last  two 
quarters  of  1921  and  the  first  quarter  of  1922  (June,  1921-March, 
1922)  amounted  to  3,536,660  gallons.  During  the  same  period 
imports  of  olives  ' '  not  in  solutions "'  (dried  salt-cured  olives)  amounted 
to  123,633  pounds.  Imports  for  the  corresponding  nine  months' 
period  (1920-21)  amounted  to  2,556,073  gallons. 

Imports  of  olives  in  solution  are  practically  all  green  olives  in  brine. 
This  type  is  not  produced  in  the  United  vStates  in  any  considerable 
quiintity.  Olives  grown  in  California  are  used  largely  in  the  pro- 
thu'tion  of  the  ripe  pickled  olive,  in  which  industry  there  is  practically 
no  direct  competition.  The  two  types,  green  and  ripe  olives,  enter 
into  a  somewhat  distinct  trade.  Some  salt-cured  ripe  olives  are 
imported;  they  are  now  dutiable  at  3  cents  per  pound. 

Table  I. — Olives — Summary  table. 


Year.i 

Production, 

pickled,  ripe 

olives.''' 

General  im- 
ports (prin- 
cipally green 
olives). 

1910-1914  (average) 

Pounds. 

Ottll07lS. 

4,3S7,8M 

1915 

7, 921),  ()0() 
7,.'')24,(«)0 
7,12,H,000 
8,910,(H)0 
10, 791,  WO 
6,100,000 
9,200,000 

3.622,275 

1916     

5, 9:?H.  446 

,1917 

5,641,7&9 

191S 

2, 3S5. 059 

1919 

3, 753, 962 

1920 

4,777,975 

lf<2l '. ,: 

3  4,266,527 

'  Production  figures  are  for  calendar  years.  Import  figures,  1910-1918  are  for  fiscal  years;  1919-1951, 
for  calendar  years. 

2  A  gallon  01  pickled  ripe  olives  weighs  about  6i  pounds. 

3  Imports  for  consumption. 

Domestic  production.— Olives  are  commercially  grown  in  this  coun- 
try only  in  California  and  in  some  favorable  locations  in  Arizona. 
The  largest  crop  ever  produced  in  California,  in  1919,  amounted  to 
17,564,020  pounds,  valued  at  $1,405,121,  compared  with  16,132,412 

gounds,  valued  at  S40 1,277,  in  1909 — a  slight  increase  in  quantity 
ut  an  increase  of  about  350  per  cent  in  value.  Arizona's  production 
in  1919  was  112,561  pounds,  valued  at  $11,256.  California  had 
910,890  trees  of  bearing  age  in  1920,  compared  with  836,347  in  1910, 
which  represents  a  gain  in  trees  of  bearing  age  of  less  than  9  per  cent 
in  the  10-year  period.  However,  the  trees  not  of  bearing  age  had 
increased  from  121,659  to  687,017  in  the  same  time.  Assuming  that 
a  typical  acre  of  olives  contains  70  trees,  there  were  approximately 
13,000  acres  of  bearing  trees  and  9,800  acres  of  nonbearing  trees  hi 
California  in  1920.^  The  average  production  per  acre  in  California 
is  about  H  tons,  although  a  high-grade  grove  will  produce  about  2 
tons  per  acre.  California  olive  growers  assert  that  the  investment 
in  their  industry  is  between  $25,000,000  and  $30,000,000.  There  are 
26  processing  plants  in  California  and  Arizona,  and  of  these  13  produce 
olive  oil. 

I  Production  figures  and  number  of  trees  are  from  Census  Reports.  The  California  Olive  Association, 
in  a  brief  filed  with  the  Corainiliec  on  Wavs  and  Moans,  1921,  estimates  the  normal  production  in  the 
scale  at  16,000  tons  and  the  total  acreage  of  olives  at  40,(K)0,  of  which  between  20,000  and  30,000  are  be*lng. 
The  .same  .source  estimates  the  total  area  devoted  to  olives  in  Arizona  at  I'M  acres. 


140  i;i:i'(»irr  on    iiik  KMKRtiKNcv  tariff  act. 

Olive  }]:ro\vtM-s  in  this  cminln  lii-sl  uiuloiloitiv,  to  <2;ih)\v  olives  for  the 
manufuituro  of  olive  oil.  It  was  soon  (louu)nstrnto(l  that  they  could 
not  compoto  H<j:ainst  iniported  olive  oil.  They  then  turned  to  the 
pieklini:  of  the  ripe  fruit  and  it  is  in  this  form  that  most  of  the  olives 
CTown  in  Cahfornia,  of  sullieient  size  and  (piality,  are  now  marketed. 
Nianv  of  the  early  orchards  were  |)lanted  with  oil  varieties,  which 
are  dill'erent  from  the  pickling  variety.  These  varieties  of  necessity 
had  to  he  worked  over  to  the  more  proiitahle  kinds.  The  ripe- 
olive  industry  is  therefore  a  later  develoi)ment,  being  only  about 
12  yeai-s  old,  yet  in  the  production  of  canned  ripe  olives  California 
and  Arizona  produce  all  that  are  handled  commercially  in  this 
country.  Furthermore,  this  type  of  pickled  olive  is  not  produced 
elsewhere  in  the  world.  In  (.'alifornia  the  main  products  are  the 
ripe  pickled  olives  and  olive  oil.  These  may  be  considered  as  joint 
pr(.)ducts,  since  onl>'  the  best  and  most  perfect  fruit  can  be  processed, 
and  experience  iuis  shown  that  it  is  necessary  to  convert  about  half 
of  the  crop  into  oil.  this  percentage  depending  on  the  season.  In 
nearly  all  foreign  countries  certain  types  of  olives  are  devoted  only 
to  oil,  the  oil  industry  being  the  primary  business,  but  in  California 
this  end  of  it  utilizes  only  the  culls  from  the  pickling  industry,  the 
overripe,  bruised,  and  shriveled  or  withered  fruit.  In  California, 
therefore,  the  oil  may  be  considered  a  by-product.  The  domestic 
production  of  olive  oil  is  less  than  5  per  cent  of  the  consumption. 

A  few  green  pickled  olives  are  processetl  in  California  and  some  of 
the  green  olives  in  brine  are  shipped  east  and  there  processed.  How- 
ever, this  branch  of  the  industry  is  not  large.  Also  a  small  part 
of  the  California  crop  is  used  in  making  the  salt-cured  olive  (Greek 
style),  for  which  ready  sale  is  fomid  chiefly  among  foreign-born 
population  of  the  country. 

The  normal  output  of  the  olive  industry  divided  proportionately 
into  the  different  classes  of  olive  products  is  as  follows:  ^ 

Tons. 

Ripe  canned  olives 7,  000 

Black  ripe  olives  (Greek  style) 1,  500 

Green  olives 500 

Olive  oil 7,  000 

Total 16,  000 

In  1919  a  total  of  10,791,000  pounds  of  pickled  ripe  olives  were 
produced  in  California,  which  was  the  largest  amount  produced  in 
any  single  year.  In  1921  production  was  9,200,000  pounds.  During 
1919  the  production  of  salt-cured  ripe  olives  totaled  1,198,000  pounds, 
and  in  1921  the  production  was  estimated  at  3,600,000  pounds. 
Domestic  production  of  olive  oil  in  1921  amounted  to  128,045  gallons. 

Foreign  production. — Spain  and  Italy  lead  in  the  production  of 
olives.  •  Greece,  Portugal,  France,  and  the  countries  of  northern 
Africa  also  produce  large  quantities.  The  great  bulk  of  Spain's 
olive  crop  is  pressed  for  oil;  for  the  five  years  previous  to  the  w^ar 
approximately  95  per  cent  was  used  in  this  way.  The  rest  of  the 
crop  is  used  for  pickled  green  olives,  the  south  of  Spain  producing 
the  finest  pickled  green  olives  known  as  Queens.  Italy  ranks  second 
in  the  production  of  olives,  practically  all  of  which  are  pressed  for 
oil. 

'From  brief  filed  with  Committee  on  Ways  an  J  Meim.  liJ2l. 


REPORT   ON   THE   EMERGENCY  TARIFF   ACT. 


141 


Greece  in  normal  times  produces  annually  a  large  crop  of  olives, 
but  for  the  last  five  years,  owing  to  war  conditions,  the  crop  has  been 
considerably  below  normal.  Most  of  the  crop  is  used  for  oil,  but 
there  is  also  produced  a  considerable  quantity  of  salt-cured  ripe  olives 
in  brine.  American  interest  in  the  Greek  trade  has  centered  chiefly 
in  the  black  ripe  olives  barreled  in  brine,  which  compete  to  some 
extent  with  the  California  ripe  pickled  olive.  In  1919  Greece  ex- 
ported 45,700  gallons  of  black  olives  in  brine;  in  1918,  32,000  gallons; 
and  in  1921,  47,000  gallons.  Sicily  also  exports  small  quantities  of 
black  salt -cured  olives. 

Import  classifications  do  not  segregate  green  pickled  and  black  or 
ripe  pickled  olives.  It  is  estimated  ^  that  in  a  normal  3'ear  about 
10,000,000  pounds  of  the  black  salt-cured  olives  come  into  this 
country.  Over  three-fourths  of  the  imported  green  and  ripe  olives 
come  from  Spain;  Italy  and  Greece  supply  most  of  the  remainder. 

Table  II. — Olives— ^Imports  by  countries. 


Year.i 


1910-1914  (average) 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919. 

1920. 

19218 


Total 
imports. 


Gallons. 
4, 387, 864 
3,622,275 
5,938,446 
5,641,759 
2,385,059 
3,753,962 
4,777,975 
4,266,527 
3  42, 830 


Spain. 


Gallons. 
3, 16S,  248 
2,404,080 
4, 750, 260 
4,842,858 
2, 198, 520 
3,205,017 
3, 342, 653 


Greece. 


Gallons. 
943, 513 

1,037,292 
863, 016 
364,651 
32,672 
223,363 
481,079 


Italy. 


Gallom. 
215,858 
156, 818 
284,994 
401,912 
37,817 
268, 208 
507,166 


.\11  other 


Gallons. 
70,245 
24,085 
40,176 
32,338 

116,050 
57,374 

147, 077 


1  Fiscal  years,  1910-1918;  calendar  years,  1919-1921. 

'  Quantities  of  general  imports  are  not  shown  for  the  calendar  year  1921;  therefore  imports  for  con- 
sumption are  substituted. 
3  Pounds. 

Table  III. — Olives — Imports  by  months. 


January. . . 
February... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November.. 
December . . 


Month. 


Total 4, 777, 975 


1920 


Quantity.        Value. 


Gallons. 
512,888 
344,875 
422,264 
737,60:< 
640, 641 
431,096 
232,705 
619,745 
189,7.57 
1. '54,820 
1.5,5,644 
335,937 


$409, 233 
326,  ,538 
4-36,065 
771,401 
746,461 
563,839 
266,784 
7.55,027 
207, 762 
142,721 
112,631 
186,712 


1921 


Quantity.       Value 


Gallons. 
561,497 
217,617 
217,740 
401,604 
.588, 167 
378,495 


4,925,174  2,272,685 


$269,898 
151,096 
1 ,50, 940 
266, 508 
336,4.50 
176,207 
2.''i4,217 

63, 1S7 
270,697 
115,015 

04,114 
124,406 


1922,  value. 


S219,926 
227,400 
310, 461 
585, 019 


Because  of  the  dissimilarity  of  imported  olives  to  those  produced 
in  this  country,  it  is  not  possible  to  make  price  comparisons. 


'  Brief  of  the  California  Olive  Association  filed  with  the  Committoc  on  Ways  and  Moans,  1921. 
598—22 10 


14'2  IMIPOKT   ON    TllK    HMKHOKNCY   TAltlFF   ACT. 

DUTIES  COLLECTED  UNDER  THE  EMERGENCY  TARIFF. 


Arlii-I.' 


Wheal 

Floiir 

Semolina 

Flaxsoe*! 

Corn 

Beans 

Peanuts 

rotatixss 

(Anions 

Rice,  oleanwl 

lUi-e,  cleaned  far  use  in  canuiiiR  food 

Rioe.  iinileaned 

Rice  flour,  rice  meal,  and  broken  rice 

Pa<idy 

Lemons 

Oils: 

Peanut 

Cot  tonseed 

(.'(X'onut 

Sova  bean 

Olive- 
ill  bulk 

in  containers  of  less  than  5  gallons 

Cattle 

Sheep: 

One  year  old  or  over 

Less  than  1  year  old 

Fresh  or  frozen  meat: 

Beef 

\eal 

Mut  t  on 

Lamb 

I'ork 

Meats,  prepared  or  preserved 

Cotton,  havinff  a  staple  of  Ig  infhe,'^  or  more  in  length . . . 
Manufacture.s  of  long  sta[)le  cotton:  Compensatory  duty 
Wool.  Classes  I  and  II: 

Unwashed 

Washed 

Scoured 

Manufactures  of  wool:  Compensatory  duty 

Sugar: 

Full  duty 

Duty  on  Cuban 

Molasses: 

Testing  not  above  40' 

Testing  above  40°  and  not  above  56° 

Test  ing  above  56° 

Butter  and  substitutes 

Cheese 

Milk,  fresh 

Cream 

Condensed  milk 

Wrapper  tobacco: 

Unstemmed 

Apples 

Cherries 

Olives: 

In  solutioas 

Not  in  solutions 

Total 


1921, 

1922, 

Totdl 

May  2»- 

(Irst 

dutias  10 

Doc.  31. 

quarter.! 

months. 

»l,2,'-|0,'.m7 

$772,358 

$2,023,31.-) 

21«),:mi 

1HS.430 

407.771 

'       i.iiti 

•     22 

1,213 

2. 3-1 1 ,  IIH) 

','■)«,  679 

3,:i(V>,0KH 

li.MK) 

S.641 

15,441 

111),  1<)1 

v.).  904 

H(i,i;<)'i 

till,  21)1 

137,702 

■.'iiH.:)i-,;5 

141,017 

2,')7,7t)0 

:i')H.  777 

709, 370 

I17,()S2 

^2'i.  ■l,V2 

34,40.'> 

7'-..  425 

iin.s:)!) 

215 

9 

234 

!)l,:jf)l 

ir>.:!43 

1IH).704 

1,%H 

395 

2.363 

3(13 

1,(K)1 

1,364 

SI2,420 

336. UHS 

1.148,508 

01,598 

ld,S44 

77,  442 

4 

1 

5 

12,797 

IS,  632 

:'.i,429 

11,344 

27 

11,371 

025,726 

30(),3O2 

1,2:VJ,('2H 

984, 171 

407,  I'.IH 

1,:5'»I,3G9 

673, 482 

44.111 

717,503 

7,868 

1,444 

9,312 

70,319 

15, 852 

S6, 171 

334,841 

35, 270 

370,111 

47,387 

12,868 

60,2.55 

.3,955 

4,379 

S,334 

115,742 

38, 787 

l.'")4,529 

10,688 

6,339 

17,027 

76,  .378 

28,347 

104, 725 

564,588 

547,343 

1.111,031 

703,956 

3.59, 261 

1,063,217 

183, 764 

501,024 

684, 788 

10, 150 

38, 608 

4,S,  758 

122 

18,672 

18,794 

3,022,510 

1,631,316 

4,f)53,826 

\  37,310,666 

f        95, 988 
\28,388,818 

1  05.795,470 

154,856 

2,583 

1.57,4:9 

31,729 

4, 238 

35,907 

48 

23 

71 

378,879 

147,  OIW 

52."),  ,SS.i 

1,302,982 

553,  Sf;5 

1,8.56,847 

36,012 

S,085 

44, 097 

83,996 

8,42-1 

92,420 

13,890 

157 

14,047 

1,771,805 

1,609,  .578 

3,381,383 

3.57,360 

5, 230 

;?62,590 

89, 316 

76, 272 

165, 588 

515,085 

401, 28H 

916,373 

1,282 

2, 523 

3, 805 

$55, 375, 932 

$36, 255, 462 

$91,631,394 

1  Estimated  from  quantities  and  values  rc[>orted  in  imports  for  coasumptioD,  first  quarter,  1922,  Depart- 
ment of  Commerce. 


o 


4  96 


S 


II 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 

1964 
JUL  i  '  196* 

m  APRllli«i;s 

4\il    6l98'i 


Form  L-9-15m-7,'31 


MWJi^ 


iumnP,nvlll^^.  I^EG'ONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


AA    001  006  018     4 


^ 


